This file describes GDB, the GNU symbolic debugger.
This is the Eighth Edition, March 2000, for GDB Version 5.0.
Copyright (C) 1988-2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on "inside" another program while it executes--or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
You can use GDB to debug programs written in C and C++. For more information, see Supported languages. For more information, see C and C++.
Support for Modula-2 and Chill is partial. For information on Modula-2, see Modula-2. For information on Chill, see Chill.
Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or nested functions does not currently work. GDB does not support entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal syntax. GDB can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although it may be necessary to refer to some variables with a trailing underscore.
Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away from anyone else.
Richard Stallman was the original author of GDB, and of many
other GNU programs. Many others have contributed to its
development. This section attempts to credit major contributors. One
of the virtues of free software is that everyone is free to contribute
to it; with regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The
file ChangeLog in the GDB distribution approximates a
blow-by-blow account.
Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time.
Plea: Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you or your friends (or enemies, to be evenhanded) have been unfairly omitted from this list, we would like to add your names!
So that they may not regard their many labors as thankless, we particularly thank those who shepherded GDB through major releases: Andrew Cagney (release 5.0); Jim Blandy (release 4.18); Jason Molenda (release 4.17); Stan Shebs (release 4.14); Fred Fish (releases 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.12, 4.11, 4.10, and 4.9); Stu Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, and 4.4); John Gilmore (releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9); Jim Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3); and Randy Smith (releases 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0).
Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Peter TerMaat, Chris Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8.
Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the GNU C++ support in GDB, with significant additional contributions from Per Bothner. James Clark wrote the GNU C++ demangler. Early work on C++ was by Peter TerMaat (who also did much general update work leading to release 3.0). GDB 4 uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple object-file formats; BFD was a joint project of David V. Henkel-Wallace, Rich Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore.
David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did the original support for encapsulated COFF.
Brent Benson of Harris Computer Systems contributed DWARF 2 support.
Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support. Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS support. Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support. Chris Hanson improved the HP9000 support. Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson contributed Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support. Jeff Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed NS32K support. Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran debugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry support.
Andreas Schwab contributed M68K Linux support.
Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries.
Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that GDB and GAS agree about several machine instruction sets.
Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.
Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and command history.
Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.
Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also enhanced the command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.
Hitachi America, Ltd. sponsored the support for H8/300, H8/500, and Super-H processors.
NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors.
Mitsubishi sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D processors.
Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.
Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors.
Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.
Kung Hsu, Jeff Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints.
Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.
Stu Grossman wrote gdbserver.
Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable bug fixes and cleanups throughout GDB.
The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed support for the PA-RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0 (narrow mode), HP's implementation of kernel threads, HP's aC++ compiler, and the terminal user interface: Ben Krepp, Richard Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann, Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer, and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase provided HP-specific information in this manual.
Cygnus Solutions has sponsored GDB maintenance and much of its development since 1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on GDB fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim Blandy, Per Bothner, Kevin Buettner, Edith Epstein, Chris Faylor, Fred Fish, Martin Hunt, Jim Ingham, John Gilmore, Stu Grossman, Kung Hsu, Jim Kingdon, John Metzler, Fernando Nasser, Geoffrey Noer, Dawn Perchik, Rich Pixley, Zdenek Radouch, Keith Seitz, Stan Shebs, David Taylor, and Elena Zannoni. In addition, Dave Brolley, Ian Carmichael, Steve Chamberlain, Nick Clifton, JT Conklin, Stan Cox, DJ Delorie, Ulrich Drepper, Frank Eigler, Doug Evans, Sean Fagan, David Henkel-Wallace, Richard Henderson, Jeff Holcomb, Jeff Law, Jim Lemke, Tom Lord, Bob Manson, Michael Meissner, Jason Merrill, Catherine Moore, Drew Moseley, Ken Raeburn, Gavin Romig-Koch, Rob Savoye, Jamie Smith, Mike Stump, Ian Taylor, Angela Thomas, Michael Tiemann, Tom Tromey, Ron Unrau, Jim Wilson, and David Zuhn have made contributions both large and small.
You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about GDB. However, a handful of commands are enough to get started using the debugger. This chapter illustrates those commands.
One of the preliminary versions of GNU m4 (a generic macro
processor) exhibits the following bug: sometimes, when we change its
quote strings from the default, the commands used to capture one macro
definition within another stop working. In the following short m4
session, we define a macro foo which expands to 0000; we
then use the m4 built-in defn to define bar as the
same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to
<QUOTE> and the close quote string to <UNQUOTE>, the same
procedure fails to define a new synonym baz:
$ cd gnu/m4 $ ./m4 define(foo,0000) foo 0000 define(bar,defn(`foo')) bar 0000 changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>) define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>)) baz C-d m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string
Let us use GDB to try to see what is going on.
$ gdb m4 GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details. GDB 5.0, Copyright 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc... (gdb)GDB reads only enough symbol data to know where to find the rest when needed; as a result, the first prompt comes up very quickly. We now tell GDB to use a narrower display width than usual, so that examples fit in this manual.
(gdb) set width 70
We need to see how the m4 built-in changequote works.
Having looked at the source, we know the relevant subroutine is
m4_changequote, so we set a breakpoint there with the GDB
break command.
(gdb) break m4_changequote Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.
Using the run command, we start m4 running under GDB
control; as long as control does not reach the m4_changequote
subroutine, the program runs as usual:
(gdb) run Starting program: /work/Editorial/gdb/gnu/m4/m4 define(foo,0000) foo 0000
To trigger the breakpoint, we call changequote. GDB
suspends execution of m4, displaying information about the
context where it stops.
changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)
Breakpoint 1, m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
at builtin.c:879
879 if (bad_argc(TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[0]),argc,1,3))
Now we use the command n (next) to advance execution to
the next line of the current function.
(gdb) n 882 set_quotes((argc >= 2) ? TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[1])\ : nil,
set_quotes looks like a promising subroutine. We can go into it
by using the command s (step) instead of next.
step goes to the next line to be executed in any
subroutine, so it steps into set_quotes.
(gdb) s
set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
at input.c:530
530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
The display that shows the subroutine where m4 is now
suspended (and its arguments) is called a stack frame display. It
shows a summary of the stack. We can use the backtrace
command (which can also be spelled bt), to see where we are
in the stack as a whole: the backtrace command displays a
stack frame for each active subroutine.
(gdb) bt
#0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
at input.c:530
#1 0x6344 in m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
at builtin.c:882
#2 0x8174 in expand_macro (sym=0x33320) at macro.c:242
#3 0x7a88 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=209696, td=0xf7fffa30)
at macro.c:71
#4 0x79dc in expand_input () at macro.c:40
#5 0x2930 in main (argc=0, argv=0xf7fffb20) at m4.c:195
We step through a few more lines to see what happens. The first two
times, we can use s; the next two times we use n to avoid
falling into the xstrdup subroutine.
(gdb) s 0x3b5c 532 if (rquote != def_rquote) (gdb) s 0x3b80 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? \ def_lquote : xstrdup(lq); (gdb) n 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\ : xstrdup(rq); (gdb) n 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
The last line displayed looks a little odd; we can examine the variables
lquote and rquote to see if they are in fact the new left
and right quotes we specified. We use the command p
(print) to see their values.
(gdb) p lquote $1 = 0x35d40 "<QUOTE>" (gdb) p rquote $2 = 0x35d50 "<UNQUOTE>"
lquote and rquote are indeed the new left and right quotes.
To look at some context, we can display ten lines of source
surrounding the current line with the l (list) command.
(gdb) l 533 xfree(rquote); 534 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? def_lquote\ : xstrdup (lq); 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\ : xstrdup (rq); 537 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote); 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote); 540 } 541 542 void
Let us step past the two lines that set len_lquote and
len_rquote, and then examine the values of those variables.
(gdb) n 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote); (gdb) n 540 } (gdb) p len_lquote $3 = 9 (gdb) p len_rquote $4 = 7
That certainly looks wrong, assuming len_lquote and
len_rquote are meant to be the lengths of lquote and
rquote respectively. We can set them to better values using
the p command, since it can print the value of
any expression--and that expression can include subroutine calls and
assignments.
(gdb) p len_lquote=strlen(lquote) $5 = 7 (gdb) p len_rquote=strlen(rquote) $6 = 9
Is that enough to fix the problem of using the new quotes with the
m4 built-in defn? We can allow m4 to continue
executing with the c (continue) command, and then try the
example that caused trouble initially:
(gdb) c Continuing. define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>)) baz 0000
Success! The new quotes now work just as well as the default ones. The
problem seems to have been just the two typos defining the wrong
lengths. We allow m4 exit by giving it an EOF as input:
C-d Program exited normally.
The message Program exited normally. is from GDB; it
indicates m4 has finished executing. We can end our GDB
session with the GDB quit command.
(gdb) quit
This chapter discusses how to start GDB, and how to get out of it. The essentials are:
gdb to start GDB.
Invoke GDB by running the program gdb. Once started,
GDB reads commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit.
You can also run gdb with a variety of arguments and options,
to specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.
The command-line options described here are designed to cover a variety of situations; in some environments, some of these options may effectively be unavailable.
The most usual way to start GDB is with one argument, specifying an executable program:
gdb program
You can also start with both an executable program and a core file specified:
gdb program core
You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want to debug a running process:
gdb program 1234
would attach GDB to process 1234 (unless you also have a file
named 1234; GDB does check for a core file first).
Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a fairly complete operating system; when you use GDB as a remote debugger attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of "process", and there is often no way to get a core dump. GDB will warn you if it is unable to attach or to read core dumps.
You can run gdb without printing the front material, which describes
GDB's non-warranty, by specifying -silent:
gdb -silent
You can further control how GDB starts up by using command-line options. GDB itself can remind you of the options available.
Type
gdb -help
to display all available options and briefly describe their use
(gdb -h is a shorter equivalent).
All options and command line arguments you give are processed
in sequential order. The order makes a difference when the
-x option is used.
When GDB starts, it reads any arguments other than options as
specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is
the same as if the arguments were specified by the -se and
-c options respectively. (GDB reads the first argument
that does not have an associated option flag as equivalent to the
-se option followed by that argument; and the second argument
that does not have an associated option flag, if any, as equivalent to
the -c option followed by that argument.)
If GDB has not been configured to included core file support, such as for most embedded targets, then it will complain about a second argument and ignore it.
Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the
following list. GDB also recognizes the long forms if you truncate
them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous.
(If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with -- rather
than -, though we illustrate the more usual convention.)
-symbols file
-s file
-exec file
-e file
-se file
-core file
-c file
-c number
attach command
(unless there is a file in core-dump format named number, in which
case -c specifies that file as a core dump to read).
-command file
-x file
-directory directory
-d directory
-m
-mapped
mmap
system call, you can use this option
to have GDB write the symbols from your
program into a reusable file in the current directory. If the program you are debugging is
called /tmp/fred, the mapped symbol file is /tmp/fred.syms.
Future GDB debugging sessions notice the presence of this file,
and can quickly map in symbol information from it, rather than reading
the symbol table from the executable program.
The .syms file is specific to the host machine where GDB
is run. It holds an exact image of the internal GDB symbol
table. It cannot be shared across multiple host platforms.
-r
-readnow
You typically combine the -mapped and -readnow options in
order to build a .syms file that contains complete symbol
information. (See Commands to specify files, for information
on .syms files.) A simple GDB invocation to do nothing
but build a .syms file for future use is:
gdb -batch -nx -mapped -readnow programname
You can run GDB in various alternative modes--for example, in batch mode or quiet mode.
-nx
-n
.gdbinit, or gdb.ini on PCs). Normally,
GDB executes the commands in these files after all the command
options and arguments have been processed. See Command files.
-quiet
-silent
-q
-batch
0 after processing all the
command files specified with -x (and all commands from
initialization files, if not inhibited with -n). Exit with
nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the GDB commands
in the command files.
Batch mode may be useful for running GDB as a filter, for example to download and run a program on another computer; in order to make this more useful, the message
Program exited normally.
(which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under
GDB control terminates) is not issued when running in batch
mode.
-nowindows
-nw
-windows
-w
-cd directory
-fullname
-f
\032 characters, followed by
the file name, line number and character position separated by colons,
and a newline. The Emacs-to-GDB interface program uses the two
\032 characters as a signal to display the source code for the
frame.
-epoch
-annotate level
set annotate level
(see Annotations).
Annotation level controls how much information does GDB print
together with its prompt, values of expressions, source lines, and other
types of output. Level 0 is the normal, level 1 is for use when
GDB is run as a subprocess of GNU Emacs, level 2 is the
maximum annotation suitable for programs that control GDB.
-async
-async does not work fully
yet.)
When the standard input is connected to a terminal device, GDB
uses the asynchronous event loop by default, unless disabled by the
-noasync option.
-noasync
-baud bps
-b bps
-tty device
-t device
-interpreter interp
--interpreter=mi causes GDB to use the gdbmi
interface (see The GDB/MI Interface).
-write
set write on command inside GDB
(see Patching).
-statistics
-version
quit [expression]
q
quit command (abbreviated
q), or type an end-of-file character (usually C-d). If you
do not supply expression, GDB will terminate normally;
otherwise it will terminate using the result of expression as the
error code.
An interrupt (often C-c) does not exit from GDB, but rather terminates the action of any GDB command that is in progress and returns to GDB command level. It is safe to type the interrupt character at any time because GDB does not allow it to take effect until a time when it is safe.
If you have been using GDB to control an attached process or
device, you can release it with the detach command
(see Debugging an already-running process).
If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your
debugging session, there is no need to leave or suspend GDB; you can
just use the shell command.
shell command string
SHELL determines which
shell to run. Otherwise GDB uses the default shell
(/bin/sh on Unix systems, COMMAND.COM on MS-DOS, etc.).
The utility make is often needed in development environments.
You do not have to use the shell command for this purpose in
GDB:
make make-args
make program with the specified
arguments. This is equivalent to shell make make-args.
You can abbreviate a GDB command to the first few letters of the command name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain GDB commands by typing just <RET>. You can also use the <TAB> key to get GDB to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to show you the alternatives available, if there is more than one possibility).
A GDB command is a single line of input. There is no limit on
how long it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by
arguments whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the
command step accepts an argument which is the number of times to
step, as in step 5. You can also use the step command
with no arguments. Some commands do not allow any arguments.
GDB command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is
unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the
documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous
abbreviations are allowed; for example, s is specially defined as
equivalent to step even though there are other commands whose
names start with s. You can test abbreviations by using them as
arguments to the help command.
A blank line as input to GDB (typing just <RET>) means to
repeat the previous command. Certain commands (for example, run)
will not repeat this way; these are commands whose unintentional
repetition might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to
repeat.
The list and x commands, when you repeat them with
<RET>, construct new arguments rather than repeating
exactly as typed. This permits easy scanning of source or memory.
GDB can also use <RET> in another way: to partition lengthy
output, in a way similar to the common utility more
(see Screen size). Since it is easy to press one
<RET> too many in this situation, GDB disables command
repetition after any command that generates this sort of display.
Any text from a # to the end of the line is a comment; it does nothing. This is useful mainly in command files (see Command files).
Press the <TAB> key whenever you want GDB to fill out the rest of a word. If there is only one possibility, GDB fills in the word, and waits for you to finish the command (or press <RET> to enter it). For example, if you type
(gdb) info bre <TAB>GDB fills in the rest of the word
breakpoints, since that is
the only info subcommand beginning with bre:
(gdb) info breakpoints
You can either press <RET> at this point, to run the info
breakpoints command, or backspace and enter something else, if
breakpoints does not look like the command you expected. (If you
were sure you wanted info breakpoints in the first place, you
might as well just type <RET> immediately after info bre,
to exploit command abbreviations rather than command completion).
If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you press
<TAB>, GDB sounds a bell. You can either supply more
characters and try again, or just press <TAB> a second time;
GDB displays all the possible completions for that word. For
example, you might want to set a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name
begins with make_, but when you type b make_<TAB> GDB
just sounds the bell. Typing <TAB> again displays all the
function names in your program that begin with those characters, for
example:
(gdb) b make_ <TAB>
GDB sounds bell; press <TAB> again, to see:
make_a_section_from_file make_environ make_abs_section make_function_type make_blockvector make_pointer_type make_cleanup make_reference_type make_command make_symbol_completion_list (gdb) b make_
After displaying the available possibilities, GDB copies your
partial input (b make_ in the example) so you can finish the
command.
If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place, you can press M-? rather than pressing <TAB> twice. M-? means <META> ?. You can type this either by holding down a key designated as the <META> shift on your keyboard (if there is one) while typing ?, or as <ESC> followed by ?.
Sometimes the string you need, while logically a "word", may contain
parentheses or other characters that GDB normally excludes from
its notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this
situation, you may enclose words in ' (single quote marks) in
GDB commands.
The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the
name of a C++ function. This is because C++ allows function overloading
(multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished by argument
type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you may need to
distinguish whether you mean the version of name that takes an
int parameter, name(int), or the version that takes a
float parameter, name(float). To use the word-completion
facilities in this situation, type a single quote ' at the
beginning of the function name. This alerts GDB that it may need to
consider more information than usual when you press <TAB> or
M-? to request word completion:
(gdb) b 'bubble( M-? bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int) (gdb) b 'bubble(
In some cases, GDB can tell that completing a name requires using quotes. When this happens, GDB inserts the quote for you (while completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first place:
(gdb) b bub <TAB>
GDB alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell:
(gdb) b 'bubble(
In general, GDB can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if you have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for completion on an overloaded symbol.
For more information about overloaded functions, see C++ expressions. You can use the command set
overload-resolution off to disable overload resolution;
see GDB features for C++.
You can always ask GDB itself for information on its commands,
using the command help.
help
h
help (abbreviated h) with no arguments to
display a short list of named classes of commands:
(gdb) help List of classes of commands: aliases -- Aliases of other commands breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points data -- Examining data files -- Specifying and examining files internals -- Maintenance commands obscure -- Obscure features running -- Running the program stack -- Examining the stack status -- Status inquiries support -- Support facilities tracepoints -- Tracing of program execution without
stopping the program user-defined -- User-defined commands Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of commands in that class. Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (gdb)
help class
status:
(gdb) help status Status inquiries. List of commands: info -- Generic command for showing things about the program being debugged show -- Generic command for showing things about the debugger Type "help" followed by command name for full documentation. Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous. (gdb)
help command
help argument, GDB displays a
short paragraph on how to use that command.
apropos args
apropos args command searches through all of the GDB
commands, and their documentation, for the regular expression specified in
args. It prints out all matches found. For example:
apropos reload
results in:
set symbol-reloading -- Set dynamic symbol table reloading
multiple times in one run
show symbol-reloading -- Show dynamic symbol table reloading
multiple times in one run
complete args
complete args command lists all the possible completions
for the beginning of a command. Use args to specify the beginning of the
command you want completed. For example:
complete i
results in:
if ignore info inspect
This is intended for use by GNU Emacs.
In addition to help, you can use the GDB commands info
and show to inquire about the state of your program, or the state
of GDB itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this
manual introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings
under info and under show in the Index point to
all the sub-commands. See Index.
info
i) is for describing the state of your
program. For example, you can list the arguments given to your program
with info args, list the registers currently in use with info
registers, or list the breakpoints you have set with info breakpoints.
You can get a complete list of the info sub-commands with
help info.
set
set. For example, you can set the GDB prompt to a $-sign with
set prompt $.
show
info, show is for describing the state of
GDB itself.
You can change most of the things you can show, by using the
related command set; for example, you can control what number
system is used for displays with set radix, or simply inquire
which is currently in use with show radix.
To display all the settable parameters and their current
values, you can use show with no arguments; you may also use
info set. Both commands produce the same display.
Here are three miscellaneous show subcommands, all of which are
exceptional in lacking corresponding set commands:
show version
show copying
show warranty
When you run a program under GDB, you must first generate debugging information when you compile it.
You may start GDB with its arguments, if any, in an environment of your choice. If you are doing native debugging, you may redirect your program's input and output, debug an already running process, or kill a child process.
In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate debugging information when you compile it. This debugging information is stored in the object file; it describes the data type of each variable or function and the correspondence between source line numbers and addresses in the executable code.
To request debugging information, specify the -g option when you run
the compiler.
Many C compilers are unable to handle the -g and -O
options together. Using those compilers, you cannot generate optimized
executables containing debugging information.
GCC, the GNU C compiler, supports -g with or
without -O, making it possible to debug optimized code. We
recommend that you always use -g whenever you compile a
program. You may think your program is correct, but there is no sense
in pushing your luck.
When you debug a program compiled with -g -O, remember that the
optimizer is rearranging your code; the debugger shows you what is
really there. Do not be too surprised when the execution path does not
exactly match your source file! An extreme example: if you define a
variable, but never use it, GDB never sees that
variable--because the compiler optimizes it out of existence.
Some things do not work as well with -g -O as with just
-g, particularly on machines with instruction scheduling. If in
doubt, recompile with -g alone, and if this fixes the problem,
please report it to us as a bug (including a test case!).
Older versions of the GNU C compiler permitted a variant option
-gg for debugging information. GDB no longer supports this
format; if your GNU C compiler has this option, do not use it.
run
r
run command to start your program under GDB.
You must first specify the program name (except on VxWorks) with an
argument to GDB (see Getting In and Out of GDB), or by using the file or exec-file command
(see Commands to specify files).
If you are running your program in an execution environment that
supports processes, run creates an inferior process and makes
that process run your program. (In environments without processes,
run jumps to the start of your program.)
The execution of a program is affected by certain information it receives from its superior. GDB provides ways to specify this information, which you must do before starting your program. (You can change it after starting your program, but such changes only affect your program the next time you start it.) This information may be divided into four categories:
run command. If a shell is available on your target, the shell
is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use normal conventions
(such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution) in describing
the arguments.
In Unix systems, you can control which shell is used with the
SHELL environment variable.
See Your program's arguments.
set environment and unset
environment to change parts of the environment that affect
your program. See Your program's environment.
cd command in GDB.
See Your program's working directory.
run command line, or you can use the tty command to
set a different device for your program.
See Your program's input and output.
Warning: While input and output redirection work, you cannot use pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to another program; if you attempt this, GDB is likely to wind up debugging the wrong program.
When you issue the run command, your program begins to execute
immediately. See Stopping and continuing, for discussion
of how to arrange for your program to stop. Once your program has
stopped, you may call functions in your program, using the print
or call commands. See Examining Data.
If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the last time GDB read its symbols, GDB discards its symbol table, and reads it again. When it does this, GDB tries to retain your current breakpoints.
The arguments to your program can be specified by the arguments of the
run command.
They are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard characters and
performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program. Your
SHELL environment variable (if it exists) specifies what shell
GDB uses. If you do not define SHELL, GDB uses
the default shell (/bin/sh on Unix).
On non-Unix systems, the program is usually invoked directly by GDB, which emulates I/O redirection via the appropriate system calls, and the wildcard characters are expanded by the startup code of the program, not by the shell.
run with no arguments uses the same arguments used by the previous
run, or those set by the set args command.
set args
set args has no arguments, run executes your program
with no arguments. Once you have run your program with arguments,
using set args before the next run is the only way to run
it again without arguments.
show args
The environment consists of a set of environment variables and their values. Environment variables conventionally record such things as your user name, your home directory, your terminal type, and your search path for programs to run. Usually you set up environment variables with the shell and they are inherited by all the other programs you run. When debugging, it can be useful to try running your program with a modified environment without having to start GDB over again.
path directory
PATH environment variable
(the search path for executables), for both GDB and your program.
You may specify several directory names, separated by whitespace or by a
system-dependent separator character (: on Unix, ; on
MS-DOS and MS-Windows). If directory is already in the path, it
is moved to the front, so it is searched sooner.
You can use the string $cwd to refer to whatever is the current
working directory at the time GDB searches the path. If you
use . instead, it refers to the directory where you executed the
path command. GDB replaces . in the
directory argument (with the current path) before adding
directory to the search path.
show paths
PATH
environment variable).
show environment [varname]
environment as env.
set environment varname [=value]
For example, this command:
set env USER = foo
tells the debugged program, when subsequently run, that its user is named
foo. (The spaces around = are used for clarity here; they
are not actually required.)
unset environment varname
set env varname =;
unset environment removes the variable from the environment,
rather than assigning it an empty value.
Warning: On Unix systems, GDB runs your program using
the shell indicated
by your SHELL environment variable if it exists (or
/bin/sh if not). If your SHELL variable names a shell
that runs an initialization file--such as .cshrc for C-shell, or
.bashrc for BASH--any variables you set in that file affect
your program. You may wish to move setting of environment variables to
files that are only run when you sign on, such as .login or
.profile.
Each time you start your program with run, it inherits its
working directory from the current working directory of GDB.
The GDB working directory is initially whatever it inherited
from its parent process (typically the shell), but you can specify a new
working directory in GDB with the cd command.
The GDB working directory also serves as a default for the commands that specify files for GDB to operate on. See Commands to specify files.
cd directory
pwd
By default, the program you run under GDB does input and output to the same terminal that GDB uses. GDB switches the terminal to its own terminal modes to interact with you, but it records the terminal modes your program was using and switches back to them when you continue running your program.
info terminal
You can redirect your program's input and/or output using shell
redirection with the run command. For example,
run > outfile
starts your program, diverting its output to the file outfile.
Another way to specify where your program should do input and output is
with the tty command. This command accepts a file name as
argument, and causes this file to be the default for future run
commands. It also resets the controlling terminal for the child
process, for future run commands. For example,
tty /dev/ttyb
directs that processes started with subsequent run commands
default to do input and output on the terminal /dev/ttyb and have
that as their controlling terminal.
An explicit redirection in run overrides the tty command's
effect on the input/output device, but not its effect on the controlling
terminal.
When you use the tty command or redirect input in the run
command, only the input for your program is affected. The input
for GDB still comes from your terminal.
attach process-id
info files shows your active
targets.) The command takes as argument a process ID. The usual way to
find out the process-id of a Unix process is with the ps utility,
or with the jobs -l shell command.
attach does not repeat if you press <RET> a second time after
executing the command.
To use attach, your program must be running in an environment
which supports processes; for example, attach does not work for
programs on bare-board targets that lack an operating system. You must
also have permission to send the process a signal.
When you use attach, the debugger finds the program running in
the process first by looking in the current working directory, then (if
the program is not found) by using the source file search path
(see Specifying source directories). You can also use
the file command to load the program. See Commands to Specify Files.
The first thing GDB does after arranging to debug the specified
process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process
with all the GDB commands that are ordinarily available when
you start processes with run. You can insert breakpoints; you
can step and continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the
process continue running, you may use the continue command after
attaching GDB to the process.
detach
detach command to release it from GDB control. Detaching
the process continues its execution. After the detach command,
that process and GDB become completely independent once more, and you
are ready to attach another process or start one with run.
detach does not repeat if you press <RET> again after
executing the command.
If you exit GDB or use the run command while you have an
attached process, you kill that process. By default, GDB asks
for confirmation if you try to do either of these things; you can
control whether or not you need to confirm by using the set
confirm command (see Optional warnings and messages).
kill
This command is useful if you wish to debug a core dump instead of a running process. GDB ignores any core dump file while your program is running.
On some operating systems, a program cannot be executed outside GDB
while you have breakpoints set on it inside GDB. You can use the
kill command in this situation to permit running your program
outside the debugger.
The kill command is also useful if you wish to recompile and
relink your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an
executable file while it is running in a process. In this case, when you
next type run, GDB notices that the file has changed, and
reads the symbol table again (while trying to preserve your current
breakpoint settings).
In some operating systems, such as HP-UX and Solaris, a single program may have more than one thread of execution. The precise semantics of threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general the threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes--except that they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and modify the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory. GDB provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread programs:
thread threadno, a command to switch among threads
info threads, a command to inquire about existing threads
thread apply [threadno] [all] args,
a command to apply a command to a list of threads
Warning: These facilities are not yet available on every GDB configuration where the operating system supports threads. If your GDB does not support threads, these commands have no effect. For example, a system without thread support shows no output frominfo threads, and always rejects thethreadcommand, like this:(gdb) info threads (gdb) thread 1 Thread ID 1 not known. Use the "info threads" command to see the IDs of currently known threads.
The GDB thread debugging facility allows you to observe all threads while your program runs--but whenever GDB takes control, one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging. This thread is called the current thread. Debugging commands show program information from the perspective of the current thread.
Whenever GDB detects a new thread in your program, it displays
the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the
form [New systag]. systag is a thread identifier
whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on
LynxOS, you might see
[New process 35 thread 27]
when GDB notices a new thread. In contrast, on an SGI system,
the systag is simply something like process 368, with no
further qualifier.
For debugging purposes, GDB associates its own thread number--always a single integer--with each thread in your program.
info threads
An asterisk * to the left of the GDB thread number
indicates the current thread.
For example,
(gdb) info threads
3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
* 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
at threadtest.c:68
On HP-UX systems:
For debugging purposes, GDB associates its own thread number--a small integer assigned in thread-creation order--with each thread in your program.
Whenever GDB detects a new thread in your program, it displays
both GDB's thread number and the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the
form [New systag]. systag is a thread identifier
whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on
HP-UX, you see
[New thread 2 (system thread 26594)]
when GDB notices a new thread.
info threads
An asterisk * to the left of the GDB thread number
indicates the current thread.
For example,
(gdb) info threads
* 3 system thread 26607 worker (wptr=0x7b09c318 "@") \
at quicksort.c:137
2 system thread 26606 0x7b0030d8 in __ksleep () \
from /usr/lib/libc.2
1 system thread 27905 0x7b003498 in _brk () \
from /usr/lib/libc.2
thread threadno
info threads display.
GDB responds by displaying the system identifier of the thread
you selected, and its current stack frame summary:
(gdb) thread 2 [Switching to process 35 thread 23] 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
As with the [New ...] message, the form of the text after
Switching to depends on your system's conventions for identifying
threads.
thread apply [threadno] [all] args
thread apply command allows you to apply a command to one or
more threads. Specify the numbers of the threads that you want affected
with the command argument threadno. threadno is the internal
GDB thread number, as shown in the first field of the info
threads display. To apply a command to all threads, use
thread apply all args.
Whenever GDB stops your program, due to a breakpoint or a
signal, it automatically selects the thread where that breakpoint or
signal happened. GDB alerts you to the context switch with a
message of the form [Switching to systag] to identify the
thread.
See Stopping and starting multi-thread programs, for more information about how GDB behaves when you stop and start programs with multiple threads.
See Setting watchpoints, for information about watchpoints in programs with multiple threads.
On most systems, GDB has no special support for debugging
programs which create additional processes using the fork
function. When a program forks, GDB will continue to debug the
parent process and the child process will run unimpeded. If you have
set a breakpoint in any code which the child then executes, the child
will get a SIGTRAP signal which (unless it catches the signal)
will cause it to terminate.
However, if you want to debug the child process there is a workaround
which isn't too painful. Put a call to sleep in the code which
the child process executes after the fork. It may be useful to sleep
only if a certain environment variable is set, or a certain file exists,
so that the delay need not occur when you don't want to run GDB
on the child. While the child is sleeping, use the ps program to
get its process ID. Then tell GDB (a new invocation of
GDB if you are also debugging the parent process) to attach to
the child process (see Attach). From that point on you can debug
the child process just like any other process which you attached to.
On HP-UX (11.x and later only?), GDB provides support for
debugging programs that create additional processes using the
fork or vfork function.
By default, when a program forks, GDB will continue to debug the parent process and the child process will run unimpeded.
If you want to follow the child process instead of the parent process,
use the command set follow-fork-mode.
set follow-fork-mode mode
fork or
vfork. A call to fork or vfork creates a new
process. The mode can be:
parent
child
ask
show follow-fork-mode
fork or vfork call.
If you ask to debug a child process and a vfork is followed by an
exec, GDB executes the new target up to the first
breakpoint in the new target. If you have a breakpoint set on
main in your original program, the breakpoint will also be set on
the child process's main.
When a child process is spawned by vfork, you cannot debug the
child or parent until an exec call completes.
If you issue a run command to GDB after an exec
call executes, the new target restarts. To restart the parent process,
use the file command with the parent executable name as its
argument.
You can use the catch command to make GDB stop whenever
a fork, vfork, or exec call is made. See Setting catchpoints.
The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into trouble, you can investigate and find out why.
Inside GDB, your program may stop for any of several reasons,
such as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a
GDB command such as step. You may then examine and
change variables, set new breakpoints or remove old ones, and then
continue execution. Usually, the messages shown by GDB provide
ample explanation of the status of your program--but you can also
explicitly request this information at any time.
info program
A breakpoint makes your program stop whenever a certain point in
the program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add conditions to
control in finer detail whether your program stops. You can set
breakpoints with the break command and its variants (see Setting breakpoints), to specify the place where your program
should stop by line number, function name or exact address in the
program.
In HP-UX, SunOS 4.x, SVR4, and Alpha OSF/1 configurations, you can set
breakpoints in shared libraries before the executable is run. There is
a minor limitation on HP-UX systems: you must wait until the executable
is run in order to set breakpoints in shared library routines that are
not called directly by the program (for example, routines that are
arguments in a pthread_create call).
A watchpoint is a special breakpoint that stops your program when the value of an expression changes. You must use a different command to set watchpoints (see Setting watchpoints), but aside from that, you can manage a watchpoint like any other breakpoint: you enable, disable, and delete both breakpoints and watchpoints using the same commands.
You can arrange to have values from your program displayed automatically whenever GDB stops at a breakpoint. See Automatic display.
A catchpoint is another special breakpoint that stops your program
when a certain kind of event occurs, such as the throwing of a C++
exception or the loading of a library. As with watchpoints, you use a
different command to set a catchpoint (see Setting catchpoints), but aside from that, you can manage a catchpoint like any
other breakpoint. (To stop when your program receives a signal, use the
handle command; see Signals.)
GDB assigns a number to each breakpoint, watchpoint, or
catchpoint when you create it; these numbers are successive integers
starting with one. In many of the commands for controlling various
features of breakpoints you use the breakpoint number to say which
breakpoint you want to change. Each breakpoint may be enabled or
disabled; if disabled, it has no effect on your program until you
enable it again.
Some GDB commands accept a range of breakpoints on which to
operate. A breakpoint range is either a single breakpoint number, like
5, or two such numbers, in increasing order, separated by a
hyphen, like 5-7. When a breakpoint range is given to a command,
all breakpoint in that range are operated on.
Breakpoints are set with the break command (abbreviated
b). The debugger convenience variable $bpnum records the
number of the breakpoints you've set most recently; see Convenience variables, for a discussion of what you can do with
convenience variables.
You have several ways to say where the breakpoint should go.
break function
break +offset
break -offset
break linenum
break filename:linenum
break filename:function
break *address
break
break sets a breakpoint at
the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame
(see Examining the Stack). In any selected frame but the
innermost, this makes your program stop as soon as control
returns to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a
finish command in the frame inside the selected frame--except
that finish does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use
break without an argument in the innermost frame, GDB stops
the next time it reaches the current location; this may be useful
inside loops.
GDB normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until at
least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do this, you
would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without first disabling the
breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not the breakpoint already
existed when your program stopped.
break ... if cond
... stands for one of the possible arguments described
above (or no argument) specifying where to break. See Break conditions, for more information on breakpoint conditions.
tbreak args
break command, and the breakpoint is set in the same
way, but the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your
program stops there. See Disabling breakpoints.
hbreak args
break command and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the
breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not
have this support. The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code
debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without
changing the instruction. This can be used with the new trap-generation
provided by SPARClite DSU and some x86-based targets. These targets
will generate traps when a program accesses some data or instruction
address that is assigned to the debug registers. However the hardware
breakpoint registers can take a limited number of breakpoints. For
example, on the DSU, only two data breakpoints can be set at a time, and
GDB will reject this command if more than two are used. Delete
or disable unused hardware breakpoints before setting new ones
(see Disabling). See Break conditions.
thbreak args
hbreak command and the breakpoint is set in
the same way. However, like the tbreak command,
the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the
first time your program stops there. Also, like the hbreak
command, the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware
may not have this support. See Disabling breakpoints.
See also Break conditions.
rbreak regex
break command. You can delete them, disable them, or make
them conditional the same way as any other breakpoint.
The syntax of the regular expression is the standard one used with tools
like grep. Note that this is different from the syntax used by
shells, so for instance foo* matches all functions that include
an fo followed by zero or more os. There is an implicit
.* leading and trailing the regular expression you supply, so to
match only functions that begin with foo, use ^foo.
When debugging C++ programs, rbreak is useful for setting
breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special
classes.
info breakpoints [n]
info break [n]
info watchpoints [n]
y. n marks breakpoints
that are not enabled.
If a breakpoint is conditional, info break shows the condition on
the line following the affected breakpoint; breakpoint commands, if any,
are listed after that.
info break with a breakpoint
number n as argument lists only that breakpoint. The
convenience variable $_ and the default examining-address for
the x command are set to the address of the last breakpoint
listed (see Examining memory).
info break displays a count of the number of times the breakpoint
has been hit. This is especially useful in conjunction with the
ignore command. You can ignore a large number of breakpoint
hits, look at the breakpoint info to see how many times the breakpoint
was hit, and then run again, ignoring one less than that number. This
will get you quickly to the last hit of that breakpoint.
longjmp (in C programs).
These internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers, starting with
-1; info breakpoints does not display them.
You can see these breakpoints with the GDB maintenance command
maint info breakpoints.
maint info breakpoints
info breakpoints, display both the
breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those GDB is using for
internal purposes. Internal breakpoints are shown with negative
breakpoint numbers. The type column identifies what kind of breakpoint
is shown:
breakpoint
watchpoint
longjmp
longjmp calls.
longjmp resume
longjmp.
until
until command.
finish
finish command.
shlib events
You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an expression changes, without having to predict a particular place where this may happen.
Depending on your system, watchpoints may be implemented in software or hardware. GDB does software watchpointing by single-stepping your program and testing the variable's value each time, which is hundreds of times slower than normal execution. (But this may still be worth it, to catch errors where you have no clue what part of your program is the culprit.)
On some systems, such as HP-UX, Linux and some other x86-based targets, GDB includes support for hardware watchpoints, which do not slow down the running of your program.
watch expr
rwatch expr
awatch expr
info watchpoints
info break.
When you issue the watch command, GDB reports
Hardware watchpoint num: expr
if it was able to set a hardware watchpoint.
Currently, the awatch and rwatch commands can only set
hardware watchpoints, because accesses to data that don't change the
value of the watched expression cannot be detected without examining
every instruction as it is being executed, and GDB does not do
that currently. If GDB finds that it is unable to set a
hardware breakpoint with the awatch or rwatch command, it
will print a message like this:
Expression cannot be implemented with read/access watchpoint.
Sometimes, GDB cannot set a hardware watchpoint because the data type of the watched expression is wider than what a hardware watchpoint on the target machine can handle. For example, some systems can only watch regions that are up to 4 bytes wide; on such systems you cannot set hardware watchpoints for an expression that yields a double-precision floating-point number (which is typically 8 bytes wide). As a work-around, it might be possible to break the large region into a series of smaller ones and watch them with separate watchpoints.
If you set too many hardware watchpoints, GDB might be unable to insert all of them when you resume the execution of your program. Since the precise number of active watchpoints is unknown until such time as the program is about to be resumed, GDB might not be able to warn you about this when you set the watchpoints, and the warning will be printed only when the program is resumed:
Hardware watchpoint num: Could not insert watchpoint
If this happens, delete or disable some of the watchpoints.
The SPARClite DSU will generate traps when a program accesses some data
or instruction address that is assigned to the debug registers. For the
data addresses, DSU facilitates the watch command. However the
hardware breakpoint registers can only take two data watchpoints, and
both watchpoints must be the same kind. For example, you can set two
watchpoints with watch commands, two with rwatch commands,
or two with awatch commands, but you cannot set one
watchpoint with one command and the other with a different command.
GDB will reject the command if you try to mix watchpoints.
Delete or disable unused watchpoint commands before setting new ones.
If you call a function interactively using print or call,
any watchpoints you have set will be inactive until GDB reaches another
kind of breakpoint or the call completes.
GDB automatically deletes watchpoints that watch local
(automatic) variables, or expressions that involve such variables, when
they go out of scope, that is, when the execution leaves the block in
which these variables were defined. In particular, when the program
being debugged terminates, all local variables go out of scope,
and so only watchpoints that watch global variables remain set. If you
rerun the program, you will need to set all such watchpoints again. One
way of doing that would be to set a code breakpoint at the entry to the
main function and when it breaks, set all the watchpoints.
Warning: In multi-thread programs, watchpoints have only limited usefulness. With the current watchpoint implementation, GDB can only watch the value of an expression in a single thread. If you are confident that the expression can only change due to the current thread's activity (and if you are also confident that no other thread can become current), then you can use watchpoints as usual. However, GDB may not notice when a non-current thread's activity changes the expression.HP-UX Warning: In multi-thread programs, software watchpoints have only limited usefulness. If GDB creates a software watchpoint, it can only watch the value of an expression in a single thread. If you are confident that the expression can only change due to the current thread's activity (and if you are also confident that no other thread can become current), then you can use software watchpoints as usual. However, GDB may not notice when a non-current thread's activity changes the expression. (Hardware watchpoints, in contrast, watch an expression in all threads.)
You can use catchpoints to cause the debugger to stop for certain
kinds of program events, such as C++ exceptions or the loading of a
shared library. Use the catch command to set a catchpoint.
catch event
throw
catch
exec
exec. This is currently only available for HP-UX.
fork
fork. This is currently only available for HP-UX.
vfork
vfork. This is currently only available for HP-UX.
load
load libname
unload
unload libname
tcatch event
Use the info break command to list the current catchpoints.
There are currently some limitations to C++ exception handling
(catch throw and catch catch) in GDB:
Sometimes catch is not the best way to debug exception handling:
if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better to
stop before the exception handler is called, since that way you
can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a
breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find
out where the exception was raised.
To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some
knowledge of the implementation. In the case of GNU C++, exceptions are
raised by calling a library function named __raise_exception
which has the following ANSI C interface:
/* addr is where the exception identifier is stored.
id is the exception identifier. */
void __raise_exception (void **addr, void *id);
To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack
unwinding takes place, set a breakpoint on __raise_exception
(see Breakpoints; watchpoints; and exceptions).
With a conditional breakpoint (see Break conditions) that depends on the value of id, you can stop your program when a specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are raised.
It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint once it has done its job and you no longer want your program to stop there. This is called deleting the breakpoint. A breakpoint that has been deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten.
With the clear command you can delete breakpoints according to
where they are in your program. With the delete command you can
delete individual breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints by specifying
their breakpoint numbers.
It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. GDB automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be executed when you continue execution without changing the execution address.
clear
clear function
clear filename:function
clear linenum
clear filename:linenum
delete [breakpoints] [range...]
set
confirm off). You can abbreviate this command as d.
Rather than deleting a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint, you might prefer to disable it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if it had been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so that you can enable it again later.
You disable and enable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints with
the enable and disable commands, optionally specifying one
or more breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use info break or
info watch to print a list of breakpoints, watchpoints, and
catchpoints if you do not know which numbers to use.
A breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint can have any of four different states of enablement:
break command starts out in this state.
tbreak command starts out in this state.
You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints:
disable [breakpoints] [range...]
disable as dis.
enable [breakpoints] [range...]
enable [breakpoints] once range...
enable [breakpoints] delete range...
Except for a breakpoint set with tbreak (see Setting breakpoints), breakpoints that you set are initially enabled;
subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you use one of
the commands above. (The command until can set and delete a
breakpoint of its own, but it does not change the state of your other
breakpoints; see Continuing and stepping.)
The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a specified place. You can also specify a condition for a breakpoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your programming language (see Expressions). A breakpoint with a condition evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it, and your program stops only if the condition is true.
This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in that
situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated--that is,
when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an assertion expressed
by the condition assert, you should set the condition
! assert on the appropriate breakpoint.
Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them, since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow--but it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name, and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an interesting one.
Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions in your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to format special data structures. The effects are completely predictable unless there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In that case, GDB might see the other breakpoint first and stop your program without checking the condition of this one.) Note that breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and flexible than break conditions for the purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached (see Breakpoint command lists).
Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using
if in the arguments to the break command. See Setting breakpoints. They can also be changed at any time
with the condition command.
You can also use the if keyword with the watch command.
The catch command does not recognize the if keyword;
condition is the only way to impose a further condition on a
catchpoint.
condition bnum expression
condition, GDB checks expression immediately for
syntactic correctness, and to determine whether symbols in it have
referents in the context of your breakpoint. If expression uses
symbols not referenced in the context of the breakpoint, GDB
prints an error message:
No symbol "foo" in current context.GDB does not actually evaluate expression at the time the
condition
command (or a command that sets a breakpoint with a condition, like
break if ...) is given, however. See Expressions.
condition bnum
A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so useful that there is a special way to do it, using the ignore count of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which is an integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and therefore has no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose ignore count is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements the ignore count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count value is n, the breakpoint does not stop the next n times your program reaches it.
ignore bnum count
To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify a count of zero.
When you use continue to resume execution of your program from a
breakpoint, you can specify an ignore count directly as an argument to
continue, rather than using ignore. See Continuing and stepping.
If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the condition is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero, GDB resumes checking the condition.
You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition such
as $foo-- <= 0 using a debugger convenience variable that
is decremented each time. See Convenience variables.
Ignore counts apply to breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints.
You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint) a series of commands to execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For example, you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or enable other breakpoints.
commands [bnum]
... command-list ...
end
end to terminate the commands.
To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and
follow it immediately with end; that is, give no commands.
With no bnum argument, commands refers to the last
breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most
recently encountered).
Pressing <RET> as a means of repeating the last GDB command is disabled within a command-list.
You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply
use the continue command, or step, or any other command
that resumes execution.
Any other commands in the command list, after a command that resumes
execution, are ignored. This is because any time you resume execution
(even with a simple next or step), you may encounter
another breakpoint--which could have its own command list, leading to
ambiguities about which list to execute.
If the first command you specify in a command list is silent, the
usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may
be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and
then continue. If none of the remaining commands print anything, you
see no sign that the breakpoint was reached. silent is
meaningful only at the beginning of a breakpoint command list.
The commands echo, output, and printf allow you to
print precisely controlled output, and are often useful in silent
breakpoints. See Commands for controlled output.
For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print the
value of x at entry to foo whenever x is positive.
break foo if x>0 commands silent printf "x is %d\n",x cont end
One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug so
you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous line
of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something
erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values
to any variables that need them. End with the continue command
so that your program does not stop, and start with the silent
command so that no output is produced. Here is an example:
break 403 commands silent set x = y + 4 cont end
Some programming languages (notably C++) permit a single function name
to be defined several times, for application in different contexts.
This is called overloading. When a function name is overloaded,
break function is not enough to tell GDB where you want
a breakpoint. If you realize this is a problem, you can use
something like break function(types) to specify which
particular version of the function you want. Otherwise, GDB offers
you a menu of numbered choices for different possible breakpoints, and
waits for your selection with the prompt >. The first two
options are always [0] cancel and [1] all. Typing 1
sets a breakpoint at each definition of function, and typing
0 aborts the break command without setting any new
breakpoints.
For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a
breakpoint at the overloaded symbol String::after.
We choose three particular definitions of that function name:
(gdb) b String::after [0] cancel [1] all [2] file:String.cc; line number:867 [3] file:String.cc; line number:860 [4] file:String.cc; line number:875 [5] file:String.cc; line number:853 [6] file:String.cc; line number:846 [7] file:String.cc; line number:735 > 2 4 6 Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867. Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875. Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846. Multiple breakpoints were set. Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted breakpoints. (gdb)
Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if any other process is running that program. In this situation, attempting to run or continue a program with a breakpoint causes GDB to print an error message:
Cannot insert breakpoints. The same program may be running in another process.
When this happens, you have three ways to proceed:
exec-file command to specify
that GDB should run your program under that name.
Then start your program again.
-N. The operating system limitation may not apply
to nonsharable executables.
A similar message can be printed if you request too many active hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints:
Stopped; cannot insert breakpoints. You may have requested too many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints.
This message is printed when you attempt to resume the program, since only then GDB knows exactly how many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints it needs to insert.
When this message is printed, you need to disable or remove some of the hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints, and then continue.
Continuing means resuming program execution until your program
completes normally. In contrast, stepping means executing just
one more "step" of your program, where "step" may mean either one
line of source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what
particular command you use). Either when continuing or when stepping,
your program may stop even sooner, due to a breakpoint or a signal. (If
it stops due to a signal, you may want to use handle, or use
signal 0 to resume execution. See Signals.)
continue [ignore-count]
c [ignore-count]
fg [ignore-count]
ignore (see Break conditions).
The argument ignore-count is meaningful only when your program
stopped due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to
continue is ignored.
The synonyms c and fg (for foreground, as the
debugged program is deemed to be the foreground program) are provided
purely for convenience, and have exactly the same behavior as
continue.
To resume execution at a different place, you can use return
(see Returning from a function) to go back to the
calling function; or jump (see Continuing at a different address) to go to an arbitrary location in your program.
A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint (see Breakpoints; watchpoints; and catchpoints) at the beginning of the function or the section of your program where a problem is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that breakpoint, and then step through the suspect area, examining the variables that are interesting, until you see the problem happen.
step
s.
Warning: If you use thestepcommand while control is within a function that was compiled without debugging information, execution proceeds until control reaches a function that does have debugging information. Likewise, it will not step into a function which is compiled without debugging information. To step through functions without debugging information, use thestepicommand, described below.
The step command only stops at the first instruction of a
source line. This prevents the multiple stops that could otherwise occur in
switch statements, for loops, etc. step continues to stop if a
function that has debugging information is called within the line.
In other words, step steps inside any functions called
within the line.
Also, the step command only enters a function if there is line
number information for the function. Otherwise it acts like the
next command. This avoids problems when using cc -gl
on MIPS machines. Previously, step entered subroutines if there
was any debugging information about the routine.
step count
step, but do so count times. If a
breakpoint is reached, or a signal not related to stepping occurs before
count steps, stepping stops right away.
next [count]
step, but function calls that appear within
the line of code are executed without stopping. Execution stops when
control reaches a different line of code at the original stack level
that was executing when you gave the next command. This command
is abbreviated n.
An argument count is a repeat count, as for step.
The next command only stops at the first instruction of a
source line. This prevents multiple stops that could otherwise occur in
switch statements, for loops, etc.
finish
Contrast this with the return command (see Returning from a function).
until
u
next
command, except that when until encounters a jump, it
automatically continues execution until the program counter is greater
than the address of the jump.
This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single stepping
though it, until makes your program continue execution until it
exits the loop. In contrast, a next command at the end of a loop
simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which forces you to step
through the next iteration.
until always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current
stack frame.
until may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order
of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For
example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the f
(frame) command shows that execution is stopped at line
206; yet when we use until, we get to line 195:
(gdb) f
#0 main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206
206 expand_input();
(gdb) until
195 for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) {
This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had
generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than the
start, of the loop--even though the test in a C for-loop is
written before the body of the loop. The until command appeared
to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this
expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier
statement--not in terms of the actual machine code.
until with no argument works by means of single
instruction stepping, and hence is slower than until with an
argument.
until location
u location
break (see Setting breakpoints). This form of the command uses breakpoints,
and hence is quicker than until without an argument.
stepi
stepi arg
si
It is often useful to do display/i $pc when stepping by machine
instructions. This makes GDB automatically display the next
instruction to be executed, each time your program stops. See Automatic display.
An argument is a repeat count, as in step.
nexti
nexti arg
ni
An argument is a repeat count, as in next.
A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The
operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each
kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix SIGINT is the
signal a program gets when you type an interrupt character (often C-c);
SIGSEGV is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in
memory far away from all the areas in use; SIGALRM occurs when
the alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has
requested an alarm).
Some signals, including SIGALRM, are a normal part of the
functioning of your program. Others, such as SIGSEGV, indicate
errors; these signals are fatal (they kill your program immediately) if the
program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the signal.
SIGINT does not indicate an error in your program, but it is normally
fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to kill the program.
GDB has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your
program. You can tell GDB in advance what to do for each kind of
signal.
Normally, GDB is set up to ignore non-erroneous signals like SIGALRM
(so as not to interfere with their role in the functioning of your program)
but to stop your program immediately whenever an error signal happens.
You can change these settings with the handle command.
info signals
info handle
info handle is an alias for info signals.
handle signal keywords...
SIG at the
beginning). The keywords say what change to make.
The keywords allowed by the handle command can be abbreviated.
Their full names are:
nostop
stop
print keyword as well.
print
noprint
nostop keyword as well.
pass
nopass
When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible to the
program until you
continue. Your program sees the signal then, if pass is in
effect for the signal in question at that time. In other words,
after GDB reports a signal, you can use the handle
command with pass or nopass to control whether your
program sees that signal when you continue.
You can also use the signal command to prevent your program from
seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see,
or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program stopped
due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store correct
values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see more
execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as
a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this,
you can continue with signal 0. See Giving your program a signal.
When your program has multiple threads (see Debugging programs with multiple threads), you can choose whether to set breakpoints on all threads, or on a particular thread.
break linespec thread threadno
break linespec thread threadno if ...
Use the qualifier thread threadno with a breakpoint command
to specify that you only want GDB to stop the program when a
particular thread reaches this breakpoint. threadno is one of the
numeric thread identifiers assigned by GDB, shown in the first
column of the info threads display.
If you do not specify thread threadno when you set a
breakpoint, the breakpoint applies to all threads of your
program.
You can use the thread qualifier on conditional breakpoints as
well; in this case, place thread threadno before the
breakpoint condition, like this:
(gdb) break frik.c:13 thread 28 if bartab > lim
Whenever your program stops under GDB for any reason, all threads of execution stop, not just the current thread. This allows you to examine the overall state of the program, including switching between threads, without worrying that things may change underfoot.
Conversely, whenever you restart the program, all threads start
executing. This is true even when single-stepping with commands
like step or next.
In particular, GDB cannot single-step all threads in lockstep. Since thread scheduling is up to your debugging target's operating system (not controlled by GDB), other threads may execute more than one statement while the current thread completes a single step. Moreover, in general other threads stop in the middle of a statement, rather than at a clean statement boundary, when the program stops.
You might even find your program stopped in another thread after continuing or even single-stepping. This happens whenever some other thread runs into a breakpoint, a signal, or an exception before the first thread completes whatever you requested.
On some OSes, you can lock the OS scheduler and thus allow only a single thread to run.
set scheduler-locking mode
off, then there is no
locking and any thread may run at any time. If on, then only the
current thread may run when the inferior is resumed. The step
mode optimizes for single-stepping. It stops other threads from
"seizing the prompt" by preempting the current thread while you are
stepping. Other threads will only rarely (or never) get a chance to run
when you step. They are more likely to run when you next over a
function call, and they are completely free to run when you use commands
like continue, until, or finish. However, unless another
thread hits a breakpoint during its timeslice, they will never steal the
GDB prompt away from the thread that you are debugging.
show scheduler-locking
When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is where it stopped and how it got there.
Each time your program performs a function call, information about the call is generated. That information includes the location of the call in your program, the arguments of the call, and the local variables of the function being called. The information is saved in a block of data called a stack frame. The stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the call stack.
When your program stops, the GDB commands for examining the stack allow you to see all of this information.
One of the stack frames is selected by GDB and many GDB commands refer implicitly to the selected frame. In particular, whenever you ask GDB for the value of a variable in your program, the value is found in the selected frame. There are special GDB commands to select whichever frame you are interested in. See Selecting a frame.
When your program stops, GDB automatically selects the
currently executing frame and describes it briefly, similar to the
frame command (see Information about a frame).
The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called stack frames, or frames for short; each frame is the data associated with one call to one function. The frame contains the arguments given to the function, the function's local variables, and the address at which the function is executing.
When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of the
function main. This is called the initial frame or the
outermost frame. Each time a function is called, a new frame is
made. Each time a function returns, the frame for that function invocation
is eliminated. If a function is recursive, there can be many frames for
the same function. The frame for the function in which execution is
actually occurring is called the innermost frame. This is the most
recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.
Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses. A stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own address; each kind of computer has a convention for choosing one byte whose address serves as the address of the frame. Usually this address is kept in a register called the frame pointer register while execution is going on in that frame. GDB assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with zero for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it, and so on upward. These numbers do not really exist in your program; they are assigned by GDB to give you a way of designating stack frames in GDB commands.
Some compilers provide a way to compile functions so that they operate without stack frames. (For example, the gcc option
-fomit-frame-pointer
frame args
frame command allows you to move from one stack frame to another,
and to print the stack frame you select. args may be either the
address of the frame or the stack frame number. Without an argument,
frame prints the current stack frame.
select-frame
select-frame command allows you to move from one stack frame
to another without printing the frame. This is the silent version of
frame.
A backtrace is a summary of how your program got where it is. It shows one line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently executing frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and on up the stack.
backtrace
bt
You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system interrupt
character, normally C-c.
backtrace n
bt n
backtrace -n
bt -n
The names where and info stack (abbreviated info s)
are additional aliases for backtrace.
Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function name.
The program counter value is also shown--unless you use set
print address off. The backtrace also shows the source file name and
line number, as well as the arguments to the function. The program
counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that
line number.
Here is an example of a backtrace. It was made with the command
bt 3, so it shows the innermost three frames.
#0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
at builtin.c:993
#1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600) at macro.c:242
#2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08)
at macro.c:71
(More stack frames follow...)
The display for frame zero does not begin with a program counter
value, indicating that your program has stopped at the beginning of the
code for line 993 of builtin.c.
Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program work on whichever stack frame is selected at the moment. Here are the commands for selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a brief description of the stack frame just selected.
frame n
f n
main.
frame addr
f addr
On the SPARC architecture, frame needs two addresses to
select an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer.
On the MIPS and Alpha architecture, it needs two addresses: a stack pointer and a program counter.
On the 29k architecture, it needs three addresses: a register stack
pointer, a program counter, and a memory stack pointer.
up n
down n
down as do.
All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing the frame. The first line shows the frame number, the function name, the arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that frame. The second line shows the text of that source line.
For example:
(gdb) up
#1 0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc)
at env.c:10
10 read_input_file (argv[i]);
After such a printout, the list command with no arguments
prints ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame.
See Printing source lines.
up-silently n
down-silently n
up and down,
respectively; they differ in that they do their work silently, without
causing display of the new frame. They are intended primarily for use
in GDB command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and
distracting.
There are several other commands to print information about the selected stack frame.
frame
f
f. With an
argument, this command is used to select a stack frame.
See Selecting a frame.
info frame
info f
The verbose description is useful when
something has gone wrong that has made the stack format fail to fit
the usual conventions.
info frame addr
info f addr
frame command.
See Selecting a frame.
info args
info locals
info catch
up,
down, or frame commands); then type info catch.
See Setting catchpoints.
If you use GDB through its GNU Emacs interface, you may prefer to use Emacs facilities to view source; see Using GDB under GNU Emacs.
To print lines from a source file, use the list command
(abbreviated l). By default, ten lines are printed.
There are several ways to specify what part of the file you want to print.
Here are the forms of the list command most commonly used:
list linenum
list function
list
list command, this prints lines following the last lines
printed; however, if the last line printed was a solitary line printed
as part of displaying a stack frame (see Examining the Stack), this prints lines centered around that line.
list -
By default, GDB prints ten source lines with any of these forms of
the list command. You can change this using set listsize:
set listsize count
list command display count source lines (unless
the list argument explicitly specifies some other number).
show listsize
list prints.
Repeating a list command with <RET> discards the argument,
so it is equivalent to typing just list. This is more useful
than listing the same lines again. An exception is made for an
argument of -; that argument is preserved in repetition so that
each repetition moves up in the source file.
In general, the list command expects you to supply zero, one or two
linespecs. Linespecs specify source lines; there are several ways
of writing them, but the effect is always to specify some source line.
Here is a complete description of the possible arguments for list:
list linespec
list first,last
list ,last
list first,
list +
list -
list
Here are the ways of specifying a single source line--all the kinds of linespec.
number
list command has two linespecs, this refers to
the same source file as the first linespec.
+offset
list command that has
two, this specifies the line offset lines down from the
first linespec.
-offset
filename:number
function
filename:function
*address
There are two commands for searching through the current source file for a regular expression.
forward-search regexp
search regexp
forward-search regexp checks each line,
starting with the one following the last line listed, for a match for
regexp. It lists the line that is found. You can use the
synonym search regexp or abbreviate the command name as
fo.
reverse-search regexp
reverse-search regexp checks each line, starting
with the one before the last line listed and going backward, for a match
for regexp. It lists the line that is found. You can abbreviate
this command as rev.
Executable programs sometimes do not record the directories of the source files from which they were compiled, just the names. Even when they do, the directories could be moved between the compilation and your debugging session. GDB has a list of directories to search for source files; this is called the source path. Each time GDB wants a source file, it tries all the directories in the list, in the order they are present in the list, until it finds a file with the desired name. Note that the executable search path is not used for this purpose. Neither is the current working directory, unless it happens to be in the source path.
If GDB cannot find a source file in the source path, and the object program records a directory, GDB tries that directory too. If the source path is empty, and there is no record of the compilation directory, GDB looks in the current directory as a last resort.
Whenever you reset or rearrange the source path, GDB clears out any information it has cached about where source files are found and where each line is in the file.
When you start GDB, its source path includes only cdir
and cwd, in that order.
To add other directories, use the directory command.
directory dirname ...
dir dirname ...
:
(; on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, where : usually appears as
part of absolute file names) or
whitespace. You may specify a directory that is already in the source
path; this moves it forward, so GDB searches it sooner.
You can use the string $cdir to refer to the compilation
directory (if one is recorded), and $cwd to refer to the current
working directory. $cwd is not the same as .--the former
tracks the current working directory as it changes during your GDB
session, while the latter is immediately expanded to the current
directory at the time you add an entry to the source path.
directory
show directories
If your source path is cluttered with directories that are no longer of interest, GDB may sometimes cause confusion by finding the wrong versions of source. You can correct the situation as follows:
directory with no argument to reset the source path to empty.
directory with suitable arguments to reinstall the
directories you want in the source path. You can add all the
directories in one command.
You can use the command info line to map source lines to program
addresses (and vice versa), and the command disassemble to display
a range of addresses as machine instructions. When run under GNU Emacs
mode, the info line command causes the arrow to point to the
line specified. Also, info line prints addresses in symbolic form as
well as hex.
info line linespec
list command (see Printing source lines).
For example, we can use info line to discover the location of
the object code for the first line of function
m4_changequote:
(gdb) info line m4_changequote Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c and ends at 0x6350.
We can also inquire (using *addr as the form for
linespec) what source line covers a particular address:
(gdb) info line *0x63ff Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 and ends at 0x6404.
After info line, the default address for the x command
is changed to the starting address of the line, so that x/i is
sufficient to begin examining the machine code (see Examining memory). Also, this address is saved as the value of the
convenience variable $_ (see Convenience variables).
disassemble
The following example shows the disassembly of a range of addresses of HP PA-RISC 2.0 code:
(gdb) disas 0x32c4 0x32e4 Dump of assembler code from 0x32c4 to 0x32e4: 0x32c4 <main+204>: addil 0,dp 0x32c8 <main+208>: ldw 0x22c(sr0,r1),r26 0x32cc <main+212>: ldil 0x3000,r31 0x32d0 <main+216>: ble 0x3f8(sr4,r31) 0x32d4 <main+220>: ldo 0(r31),rp 0x32d8 <main+224>: addil -0x800,dp 0x32dc <main+228>: ldo 0x588(r1),r26 0x32e0 <main+232>: ldil 0x3000,r31 End of assembler dump.
Some architectures have more than one commonly-used set of instruction mnemonics or other syntax.
set disassembly-flavor instruction-set
disassemble or x/i commands.
Currently this command is only defined for the Intel x86 family. You
can set instruction-set to either intel or att.
The default is att, the AT&T flavor used by default by Unix
assemblers for x86-based targets.
The usual way to examine data in your program is with the print
command (abbreviated p), or its synonym inspect. It
evaluates and prints the value of an expression of the language your
program is written in (see Using GDB with Different Languages).
print expr
print /f expr
/f, where
f is a letter specifying the format; see Output formats.
print
print /f
A more low-level way of examining data is with the x command.
It examines data in memory at a specified address and prints it in a
specified format. See Examining memory.
If you are interested in information about types, or about how the
fields of a struct or a class are declared, use the ptype exp
command rather than print. See Examining the Symbol Table.
print and many other GDB commands accept an expression and
compute its value. Any kind of constant, variable or operator defined
by the programming language you are using is valid in an expression in
GDB. This includes conditional expressions, function calls, casts
and string constants. It unfortunately does not include symbols defined
by preprocessor #define commands.
GDB supports array constants in expressions input by
the user. The syntax is {element, element...}. For example,
you can use the command print {1, 2, 3} to build up an array in
memory that is malloced in the target program.
Because C is so widespread, most of the expressions shown in examples in this manual are in C. See Using GDB with Different Languages, for information on how to use expressions in other languages.
In this section, we discuss operators that you can use in GDB expressions regardless of your programming language.
Casts are supported in all languages, not just in C, because it is so useful to cast a number into a pointer in order to examine a structure at that address in memory. GDB supports these operators, in addition to those common to programming languages:
@
@ is a binary operator for treating parts of memory as arrays.
See Artificial arrays, for more information.
::
:: allows you to specify a variable in terms of the file or
function where it is defined. See Program variables.
{type} addr
The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable in your program.
Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame (see Selecting a frame); they must be either:
or
This means that in the function
foo (a)
int a;
{
bar (a);
{
int b = test ();
bar (b);
}
}
you can examine and use the variable a whenever your program is
executing within the function foo, but you can only use or
examine the variable b while your program is executing inside
the block where b is declared.
There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or function with the same name (in different source files). If that happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish, you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file, using the colon-colon notation:
file::variable function::variable
Here file or function is the name of the context for the
static variable. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to
make sure GDB parses the file name as a single word--for example,
to print a global value of x defined in f2.c:
(gdb) p 'f2.c'::x
This use of :: is very rarely in conflict with the very similar
use of the same notation in C++. GDB also supports use of the C++
scope resolution operator in GDB expressions.
Warning: Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the wrong value at certain points in a function--just after entry to a new scope, and just before exit.You may see this problem when you are stepping by machine instructions. This is because, on most machines, it takes more than one instruction to set up a stack frame (including local variable definitions); if you are stepping by machine instructions, variables may appear to have the wrong values until the stack frame is completely built. On exit, it usually also takes more than one machine instruction to destroy a stack frame; after you begin stepping through that group of instructions, local variable definitions may be gone.
This may also happen when the compiler does significant optimizations. To be sure of always seeing accurate values, turn off all optimization when compiling.
Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as opposed to memory addresses). Depending on the support for such cases offered by the debug info format used by the compiler, GDB might not be able to display values for such local variables. If that happens, GDB will print a message like this:
No symbol "foo" in current context.
To solve such problems, either recompile without optimizations, or use a
different debug info format, if the compiler supports several such
formats. For example, GCC, the GNU C/C++ compiler usually
supports the -gstabs option. -gstabs produces debug info
in a format that is superior to formats such as COFF. You may be able
to use DWARF-2 (-gdwarf-2), which is also an effective form for
debug info. See Debugging Options, for more
information.
It is often useful to print out several successive objects of the same type in memory; a section of an array, or an array of dynamically determined size for which only a pointer exists in the program.
You can do this by referring to a contiguous span of memory as an
artificial array, using the binary operator @. The left
operand of @ should be the first element of the desired array
and be an individual object. The right operand should be the desired length
of the array. The result is an array value whose elements are all of
the type of the left argument. The first element is actually the left
argument; the second element comes from bytes of memory immediately
following those that hold the first element, and so on. Here is an
example. If a program says
int *array = (int *) malloc (len * sizeof (int));
you can print the contents of array with
p *array@len
The left operand of @ must reside in memory. Array values made
with @ in this way behave just like other arrays in terms of
subscripting, and are coerced to pointers when used in expressions.
Artificial arrays most often appear in expressions via the value history
(see Value history), after printing one out.
Another way to create an artificial array is to use a cast. This re-interprets a value as if it were an array. The value need not be in memory:
(gdb) p/x (short[2])0x12345678
$1 = {0x1234, 0x5678}
As a convenience, if you leave the array length out (as in
(type[])value) GDB calculates the size to fill
the value (as sizeof(value)/sizeof(type):
(gdb) p/x (short[])0x12345678
$2 = {0x1234, 0x5678}
Sometimes the artificial array mechanism is not quite enough; in
moderately complex data structures, the elements of interest may not
actually be adjacent--for example, if you are interested in the values
of pointers in an array. One useful work-around in this situation is
to use a convenience variable (see Convenience variables) as a counter in an expression that prints the first
interesting value, and then repeat that expression via <RET>. For
instance, suppose you have an array dtab of pointers to
structures, and you are interested in the values of a field fv
in each structure. Here is an example of what you might type:
set $i = 0 p dtab[$i++]->fv <RET> <RET> ...
By default, GDB prints a value according to its data type. Sometimes this is not what you want. For example, you might want to print a number in hex, or a pointer in decimal. Or you might want to view data in memory at a certain address as a character string or as an instruction. To do these things, specify an output format when you print a value.
The simplest use of output formats is to say how to print a value
already computed. This is done by starting the arguments of the
print command with a slash and a format letter. The format
letters supported are:
x
d
u
o
t
t stands for "two".
2
a
(gdb) p/a 0x54320 $3 = 0x54320 <_initialize_vx+396>
c
f
For example, to print the program counter in hex (see Registers), type
p/x $pc
Note that no space is required before the slash; this is because command names in GDB cannot contain a slash.
To reprint the last value in the value history with a different format,
you can use the print command with just a format and no
expression. For example, p/x reprints the last value in hex.
You can use the command x (for "examine") to examine memory in
any of several formats, independently of your program's data types.
x/nfu addr
x addr
x
x command to examine memory.
n, f, and u are all optional parameters that specify how
much memory to display and how to format it; addr is an
expression giving the address where you want to start displaying memory.
If you use defaults for nfu, you need not type the slash /.
Several commands set convenient defaults for addr.
print,
s (null-terminated string), or i (machine instruction).
The default is x (hexadecimal) initially.
The default changes each time you use either x or print.
b
h
w
g
Each time you specify a unit size with x, that size becomes the
default unit the next time you use x. (For the s and
i formats, the unit size is ignored and is normally not written.)
info breakpoints (to
the address of the last breakpoint listed), info line (to the
starting address of a line), and print (if you use it to display
a value from memory).
For example, x/3uh 0x54320 is a request to display three halfwords
(h) of memory, formatted as unsigned decimal integers (u),
starting at address 0x54320. x/4xw $sp prints the four
words (w) of memory above the stack pointer (here, $sp;
see Registers) in hexadecimal (x).
Since the letters indicating unit sizes are all distinct from the
letters specifying output formats, you do not have to remember whether
unit size or format comes first; either order works. The output
specifications 4xw and 4wx mean exactly the same thing.
(However, the count n must come first; wx4 does not work.)
Even though the unit size u is ignored for the formats s
and i, you might still want to use a count n; for example,
3i specifies that you want to see three machine instructions,
including any operands. The command disassemble gives an
alternative way of inspecting machine instructions; see Source and machine code.
All the defaults for the arguments to x are designed to make it
easy to continue scanning memory with minimal specifications each time
you use x. For example, after you have inspected three machine
instructions with x/3i addr, you can inspect the next seven
with just x/7. If you use <RET> to repeat the x command,
the repeat count n is used again; the other arguments default as
for successive uses of x.
The addresses and contents printed by the x command are not saved
in the value history because there is often too much of them and they
would get in the way. Instead, GDB makes these values available for
subsequent use in expressions as values of the convenience variables
$_ and $__. After an x command, the last address
examined is available for use in expressions in the convenience variable
$_. The contents of that address, as examined, are available in
the convenience variable $__.
If the x command has a repeat count, the address and contents saved
are from the last memory unit printed; this is not the same as the last
address printed if several units were printed on the last line of output.
If you find that you want to print the value of an expression frequently (to see how it changes), you might want to add it to the automatic display list so that GDB prints its value each time your program stops. Each expression added to the list is given a number to identify it; to remove an expression from the list, you specify that number. The automatic display looks like this:
2: foo = 38 3: bar[5] = (struct hack *) 0x3804
This display shows item numbers, expressions and their current values. As with
displays you request manually using x or print, you can
specify the output format you prefer; in fact, display decides
whether to use print or x depending on how elaborate your
format specification is--it uses x if you specify a unit size,
or one of the two formats (i and s) that are only
supported by x; otherwise it uses print.
display expr
display does not repeat if you press <RET> again after using it.
display/fmt expr
display/fmt addr
i or s, or including a unit-size or a
number of units, add the expression addr as a memory address to
be examined each time your program stops. Examining means in effect
doing x/fmt addr. See Examining memory.
For example, display/i $pc can be helpful, to see the machine
instruction about to be executed each time execution stops ($pc
is a common name for the program counter; see Registers).
undisplay dnums...
delete display dnums...
undisplay does not repeat if you press <RET> after using it.
(Otherwise you would just get the error No display number ....)
disable display dnums...
enable display dnums...
display
info display
If a display expression refers to local variables, then it does not make
sense outside the lexical context for which it was set up. Such an
expression is disabled when execution enters a context where one of its
variables is not defined. For example, if you give the command
display last_char while inside a function with an argument
last_char, GDB displays this argument while your program
continues to stop inside that function. When it stops elsewhere--where
there is no variable last_char--the display is disabled
automatically. The next time your program stops where last_char
is meaningful, you can enable the display expression once again.
These settings are useful for debugging programs in any language:
set print address
set print address on
on. For example, this is what a stack frame display looks like with
set print address on:
(gdb) f
#0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<<", rq=0x34c88 ">>")
at input.c:530
530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
set print address off
set print address off:
(gdb) set print addr off (gdb) f #0 set_quotes (lq="<<", rq=">>") at input.c:530 530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
You can use set print address off to eliminate all machine
dependent displays from the GDB interface. For example, with
print address off, you should get the same text for backtraces on
all machines--whether or not they involve pointer arguments.
show print address
When GDB prints a symbolic address, it normally prints the
closest earlier symbol plus an offset. If that symbol does not uniquely
identify the address (for example, it is a name whose scope is a single
source file), you may need to clarify. One way to do this is with
info line, for example info line *0x4537. Alternately,
you can set GDB to print the source file and line number when
it prints a symbolic address:
set print symbol-filename on
set print symbol-filename off
show print symbol-filename
Another situation where it is helpful to show symbol filenames and line numbers is when disassembling code; GDB shows you the line number and source file that corresponds to each instruction.
Also, you may wish to see the symbolic form only if the address being printed is reasonably close to the closest earlier symbol:
set print max-symbolic-offset max-offset
show print max-symbolic-offset
If you have a pointer and you are not sure where it points, try
set print symbol-filename on. Then you can determine the name
and source file location of the variable where it points, using
p/a pointer. This interprets the address in symbolic form.
For example, here GDB shows that a variable ptt points
at another variable t, defined in hi2.c:
(gdb) set print symbol-filename on (gdb) p/a ptt $4 = 0xe008 <t in hi2.c>
Warning: For pointers that point to a local variable,p/adoes not show the symbol name and filename of the referent, even with the appropriateset printoptions turned on.
Other settings control how different kinds of objects are printed:
set print array
set print array on
set print array off
show print array
set print elements number-of-elements
set print elements command.
This limit also applies to the display of strings.
When GDB starts, this limit is set to 200.
Setting number-of-elements to zero means that the printing is unlimited.
show print elements
set print null-stop
set print pretty on
$1 = {
next = 0x0,
flags = {
sweet = 1,
sour = 1
},
meat = 0x54 "Pork"
}
set print pretty off
$1 = {next = 0x0, flags = {sweet = 1, sour = 1}, \
meat = 0x54 "Pork"}
This is the default format.
show print pretty
set print sevenbit-strings on
\nnn. This setting is
best if you are working in English (ASCII) and you use the
high-order bit of characters as a marker or "meta" bit.
set print sevenbit-strings off
show print sevenbit-strings
set print union on
set print union off
show print union
For example, given the declarations
typedef enum {Tree, Bug} Species;
typedef enum {Big_tree, Acorn, Seedling} Tree_forms;
typedef enum {Caterpillar, Cocoon, Butterfly}
Bug_forms;
struct thing {
Species it;
union {
Tree_forms tree;
Bug_forms bug;
} form;
};
struct thing foo = {Tree, {Acorn}};
with set print union on in effect p foo would print
$1 = {it = Tree, form = {tree = Acorn, bug = Cocoon}}
and with set print union off in effect it would print
$1 = {it = Tree, form = {...}}
These settings are of interest when debugging C++ programs:
set print demangle
set print demangle on
show print demangle
set print asm-demangle
set print asm-demangle on
show print asm-demangle
set demangle-style style
auto
gnu
g++) encoding algorithm.
This is the default.
hp
aCC) encoding algorithm.
lucid
lcc) encoding algorithm.
arm
cfront-generated executables. GDB would
require further enhancement to permit that.
show demangle-style
set print object
set print object on
set print object off
show print object
set print static-members
set print static-members on
set print static-members off
show print static-members
set print vtbl
set print vtbl on
vtbl commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP
ANSI C++ compiler (aCC).)
set print vtbl off
show print vtbl
Values printed by the print command are saved in the GDB
value history. This allows you to refer to them in other expressions.
Values are kept until the symbol table is re-read or discarded
(for example with the file or symbol-file commands).
When the symbol table changes, the value history is discarded,
since the values may contain pointers back to the types defined in the
symbol table.
The values printed are given history numbers by which you can
refer to them. These are successive integers starting with one.
print shows you the history number assigned to a value by
printing $num = before the value; here num is the
history number.
To refer to any previous value, use $ followed by the value's
history number. The way print labels its output is designed to
remind you of this. Just $ refers to the most recent value in
the history, and $$ refers to the value before that.
$$n refers to the nth value from the end; $$2
is the value just prior to $$, $$1 is equivalent to
$$, and $$0 is equivalent to $.
For example, suppose you have just printed a pointer to a structure and want to see the contents of the structure. It suffices to type
p *$
If you have a chain of structures where the component next points
to the next one, you can print the contents of the next one with this:
p *$.next
You can print successive links in the chain by repeating this command--which you can do by just typing <RET>.
Note that the history records values, not expressions. If the value of
x is 4 and you type these commands:
print x set x=5
then the value recorded in the value history by the print command
remains 4 even though the value of x has changed.
show values
p $$9 repeated ten times, except that show
values does not change the history.
show values n
show values +
show values + produces no display.
Pressing <RET> to repeat show values n has exactly the
same effect as show values +.
Convenience variables are prefixed with $. Any name preceded by
$ can be used for a convenience variable, unless it is one of
the predefined machine-specific register names (see Registers).
(Value history references, in contrast, are numbers preceded
by $. See Value history.)
You can save a value in a convenience variable with an assignment expression, just as you would set a variable in your program. For example:
set $foo = *object_ptr
would save in $foo the value contained in the object pointed to by
object_ptr.
Using a convenience variable for the first time creates it, but its
value is void until you assign a new value. You can alter the
value with another assignment at any time.
Convenience variables have no fixed types. You can assign a convenience variable any type of value, including structures and arrays, even if that variable already has a value of a different type. The convenience variable, when used as an expression, has the type of its current value.
show convenience
show conv.
One of the ways to use a convenience variable is as a counter to be incremented or a pointer to be advanced. For example, to print a field from successive elements of an array of structures:
set $i = 0 print bar[$i++]->contents
Repeat that command by typing <RET>.
Some convenience variables are created automatically by GDB and given values likely to be useful.
$_
$_ is automatically set by the x command to
the last address examined (see Examining memory). Other
commands which provide a default address for x to examine also
set $_ to that address; these commands include info line
and info breakpoint. The type of $_ is void *
except when set by the x command, in which case it is a pointer
to the type of $__.
$__
$__ is automatically set by the x command
to the value found in the last address examined. Its type is chosen
to match the format in which the data was printed.
$_exitcode
$_exitcode is automatically set to the exit code when
the program being debugged terminates.
On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that begins with a dollar sign, GDB searches for a user or system name first, before it searches for a convenience variable.
You can refer to machine register contents, in expressions, as variables
with names starting with $. The names of registers are different
for each machine; use info registers to see the names used on
your machine.
info registers
info all-registers
info registers regname ...
$.
$pc and $sp are used for the program counter register and
the stack pointer. $fp is used for a register that contains a
pointer to the current stack frame, and $ps is used for a
register that contains the processor status. For example,
you could print the program counter in hex with
p/x $pc
or print the instruction to be executed next with
x/i $pc
or add four to the stack pointer3 with
set $sp += 4
Whenever possible, these four standard register names are available on
your machine even though the machine has different canonical mnemonics,
so long as there is no conflict. The info registers command
shows the canonical names. For example, on the SPARC, info
registers displays the processor status register as $psr but you
can also refer to it as $ps; and on x86-based machines $ps
is an alias for the EFLAGS register.
GDB always considers the contents of an ordinary register as an
integer when the register is examined in this way. Some machines have
special registers which can hold nothing but floating point; these
registers are considered to have floating point values. There is no way
to refer to the contents of an ordinary register as floating point value
(although you can print it as a floating point value with
print/f $regname).
Some registers have distinct "raw" and "virtual" data formats. This
means that the data format in which the register contents are saved by
the operating system is not the same one that your program normally
sees. For example, the registers of the 68881 floating point
coprocessor are always saved in "extended" (raw) format, but all C
programs expect to work with "double" (virtual) format. In such
cases, GDB normally works with the virtual format only (the format
that makes sense for your program), but the info registers command
prints the data in both formats.
Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame
(see Selecting a frame). This means that you get the
value that the register would contain if all stack frames farther in
were exited and their saved registers restored. In order to see the
true contents of hardware registers, you must select the innermost
frame (with frame 0).
However, GDB must deduce where registers are saved, from the machine code generated by your compiler. If some registers are not saved, or if GDB is unable to locate the saved registers, the selected stack frame makes no difference.
Depending on the configuration, GDB may be able to give you more information about the status of the floating point hardware.
info float
info float is supported on
the ARM and x86 machines.
Although programming languages generally have common aspects, they are
rarely expressed in the same manner. For instance, in ANSI C,
dereferencing a pointer p is accomplished by *p, but in
Modula-2, it is accomplished by p^. Values can also be
represented (and displayed) differently. Hex numbers in C appear as
0x1ae, while in Modula-2 they appear as 1AEH.
Language-specific information is built into GDB for some languages, allowing you to express operations like the above in your program's native language, and allowing GDB to output values in a manner consistent with the syntax of your program's native language. The language you use to build expressions is called the working language.
There are two ways to control the working language--either have GDB
set it automatically, or select it manually yourself. You can use the
set language command for either purpose. On startup, GDB
defaults to setting the language automatically. The working language is
used to determine how expressions you type are interpreted, how values
are printed, etc.
In addition to the working language, every source file that
GDB knows about has its own working language. For some object
file formats, the compiler might indicate which language a particular
source file is in. However, most of the time GDB infers the
language from the name of the file. The language of a source file
controls whether C++ names are demangled--this way backtrace can
show each frame appropriately for its own language. There is no way to
set the language of a source file from within GDB, but you can
set the language associated with a filename extension. See Displaying the language.
This is most commonly a problem when you use a program, such
as cfront or f2c, that generates C but is written in
another language. In that case, make the
program use #line directives in its C output; that way
GDB will know the correct language of the source code of the original
program, and will display that source code, not the generated C code.
If a source file name ends in one of the following extensions, then GDB infers that its language is the one indicated.
.c
.C
.cc
.cp
.cpp
.cxx
.c++
.f
.F
.ch
.c186
.c286
.mod
.s
.S
In addition, you may set the language associated with a filename extension. See Displaying the language.
If you allow GDB to set the language automatically, expressions are interpreted the same way in your debugging session and your program.
If you wish, you may set the language manually. To do this, issue the
command set language lang, where lang is the name of
a language, such as
c or modula-2.
For a list of the supported languages, type set language.
Setting the language manually prevents GDB from updating the working language automatically. This can lead to confusion if you try to debug a program when the working language is not the same as the source language, when an expression is acceptable to both languages--but means different things. For instance, if the current source file were written in C, and GDB was parsing Modula-2, a command such as:
print a = b + c
might not have the effect you intended. In C, this means to add
b and c and place the result in a. The result
printed would be the value of a. In Modula-2, this means to compare
a to the result of b+c, yielding a BOOLEAN value.
To have GDB set the working language automatically, use
set language local or set language auto. GDB
then infers the working language. That is, when your program stops in a
frame (usually by encountering a breakpoint), GDB sets the
working language to the language recorded for the function in that
frame. If the language for a frame is unknown (that is, if the function
or block corresponding to the frame was defined in a source file that
does not have a recognized extension), the current working language is
not changed, and GDB issues a warning.
This may not seem necessary for most programs, which are written
entirely in one source language. However, program modules and libraries
written in one source language can be used by a main program written in
a different source language. Using set language auto in this
case frees you from having to set the working language manually.
The following commands help you find out which language is the working language, and also what language source files were written in.
show language
print to
build and compute expressions that may involve variables in your program.
info frame
info source
In unusual circumstances, you may have source files with extensions not in the standard list. You can then set the extension associated with a language explicitly:
set extension-language .ext language
info extensions
Warning: In this release, the GDB commands for type and range checking are included, but they do not yet have any effect. This section documents the intended facilities.
Some languages are designed to guard you against making seemingly common
errors through a series of compile- and run-time checks. These include
checking the type of arguments to functions and operators, and making
sure mathematical overflows are caught at run time. Checks such as
these help to ensure a program's correctness once it has been compiled
by eliminating type mismatches, and providing active checks for range
errors when your program is running.
GDB can check for conditions like the above if you wish.
Although GDB does not check the statements in your program, it
can check expressions entered directly into GDB for evaluation via
the print command, for example. As with the working language,
GDB can also decide whether or not to check automatically based on
your program's source language. See Supported languages,
for the default settings of supported languages.
Some languages, such as Modula-2, are strongly typed, meaning that the arguments to operators and functions have to be of the correct type, otherwise an error occurs. These checks prevent type mismatch errors from ever causing any run-time problems. For example,
1 + 2 => 3
but
error--> 1 + 2.3
The second example fails because the CARDINAL 1 is not
type-compatible with the REAL 2.3.
For the expressions you use in GDB commands, you can tell the GDB type checker to skip checking; to treat any mismatches as errors and abandon the expression; or to only issue warnings when type mismatches occur, but evaluate the expression anyway. When you choose the last of these, GDB evaluates expressions like the second example above, but also issues a warning.
Even if you turn type checking off, there may be other reasons
related to type that prevent GDB from evaluating an expression.
For instance, GDB does not know how to add an int and
a struct foo. These particular type errors have nothing to do
with the language in use, and usually arise from expressions, such as
the one described above, which make little sense to evaluate anyway.
Each language defines to what degree it is strict about type. For instance, both Modula-2 and C require the arguments to arithmetical operators to be numbers. In C, enumerated types and pointers can be represented as numbers, so that they are valid arguments to mathematical operators. See Supported languages, for further details on specific languages. GDB provides some additional commands for controlling the type checker:
set check type auto
set check type on
set check type off
set check type warn
show type
In some languages (such as Modula-2), it is an error to exceed the bounds of a type; this is enforced with run-time checks. Such range checking is meant to ensure program correctness by making sure computations do not overflow, or indices on an array element access do not exceed the bounds of the array.
For expressions you use in GDB commands, you can tell GDB to treat range errors in one of three ways: ignore them, always treat them as errors and abandon the expression, or issue warnings but evaluate the expression anyway.
A range error can result from numerical overflow, from exceeding an array index bound, or when you type a constant that is not a member of any type. Some languages, however, do not treat overflows as an error. In many implementations of C, mathematical overflow causes the result to "wrap around" to lower values--for example, if m is the largest integer value, and s is the smallest, then
m + 1 => s
This, too, is specific to individual languages, and in some cases specific to individual compilers or machines. See Supported languages, for further details on specific languages. GDB provides some additional commands for controlling the range checker:
set check range auto
set check range on
set check range off
set check range warn
show range
@ and :: operators,
and the {type}addr construct (see Expressions) can be used with the constructs of any supported
language.
The following sections detail to what degree each source language is supported by GDB. These sections are not meant to be language tutorials or references, but serve only as a reference guide to what the GDB expression parser accepts, and what input and output formats should look like for different languages. There are many good books written on each of these languages; please look to these for a language reference or tutorial.
Since C and C++ are so closely related, many features of GDB apply to both languages. Whenever this is the case, we discuss those languages together.
The C++ debugging facilities are jointly implemented by the C++
compiler and GDB. Therefore, to debug your C++ code
effectively, you must compile your C++ programs with a supported
C++ compiler, such as GNU g++, or the HP ANSI C++
compiler (aCC).
For best results when using GNU C++, use the stabs debugging
format. You can select that format explicitly with the g++
command-line options -gstabs or -gstabs+. See
Debugging Options, for more information.
Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
+ is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
often defined on groups of types.
For the purposes of C and C++, the following definitions hold:
int with any of its storage-class
specifiers; char; enum; and, for C++, bool.
float, double, and
long double (if supported by the target platform).
(type *).
The following operators are supported. They are listed here in order of increasing precedence:
,
=
op=
a op= b,
and translated to a = a op b.
op= and = have the same precedence.
op is any one of the operators |, ^, &,
<<, >>, +, -, *, /, %.
?:
a ? b : c can be thought
of as: if a then b else c. a should be of an
integral type.
||
&&
|
^
&
==, !=
<, >, <=, >=
<<, >>
@
+, -
*, /, %
++, --
*
++.
&
++.
For debugging C++, GDB implements a use of & beyond what is
allowed in the C++ language itself: you can use &(&ref)
(or, if you prefer, simply &&ref) to examine the address
where a C++ reference variable (declared with &ref) is
stored.
-
++.
!
++.
~
++.
., ->
struct and union data.
.*, ->*
[]
a[i] is defined as
*(a+i). Same precedence as ->.
()
->.
::
struct, union,
and class types.
::
::,
above.
If an operator is redefined in the user code, GDB usually attempts to invoke the redefined version instead of using the operator's predefined meaning.
0 (i.e. zero), and hexadecimal constants by
a leading 0x or 0X. Constants may also end with a letter
l, specifying that the constant should be treated as a
long value.
e[[+]|-]nnn, where nnn is another
sequence of digits. The + is optional for positive exponents.
A floating-point constant may also end with a letter f or
F, specifying that the constant should be treated as being of
the float (as opposed to the default double) type; or with
a letter l or L, which specifies a long double
constant.
'), or a number--the ordinal value of the corresponding character
(usually its ASCII value). Within quotes, the single character may
be represented by a letter or by escape sequences, which are of
the form \nnn, where nnn is the octal representation
of the character's ordinal value; or of the form \x, where
x is a predefined special character--for example,
\n for newline.
"). Any valid character constant (as described
above) may appear. Double quotes within the string must be preceded by
a backslash, so for instance "a\"b'c" is a string of five
characters.
&.
{
and }; for example, {1,2,3} is a three-element array of
integers, {{1,2}, {3,4}, {5,6}} is a three-by-two array,
and {&"hi", &"there", &"fred"} is a three-element array of pointers.
Warning: GDB can only debug C++ code if you use the
proper compiler. Typically, C++ debugging depends on the use of
additional debugging information in the symbol table, and thus requires
special support. In particular, if your compiler generates a.out, MIPS
ECOFF, RS/6000 XCOFF, or ELF with stabs extensions to the
symbol table, these facilities are all available. (With GNU CC,
you can use the -gstabs option to request stabs debugging
extensions explicitly.) Where the object code format is standard
COFF or DWARF in ELF, on the other hand, most of the C++
support in GDB does not work.
count = aml->GetOriginal(x, y)
this following the same rules as C++.
It does perform integral conversions and promotions, floating-point promotions, arithmetic conversions, pointer conversions, conversions of class objects to base classes, and standard conversions such as those of functions or arrays to pointers; it requires an exact match on the number of function arguments.
Overload resolution is always performed, unless you have specified
set overload-resolution off. See GDB features for C++.
You must specify set overload-resolution off in order to use an
explicit function signature to call an overloaded function, as in
p 'foo(char,int)'('x', 13)
The GDB command-completion facility can simplify this; see Command completion.
In the parameter list shown when GDB displays a frame, the values of
reference variables are not displayed (unlike other variables); this
avoids clutter, since references are often used for large structures.
The address of a reference variable is always shown, unless
you have specified set print address off.
::--your
expressions can use it just as expressions in your program do. Since
one scope may be defined in another, you can use :: repeatedly if
necessary, for example in an expression like
scope1::scope2::name. GDB also allows
resolving name scope by reference to source files, in both C and C++
debugging (see Program variables).
In addition, when used with HP's C++ compiler, GDB supports calling virtual functions correctly, printing out virtual bases of objects, calling functions in a base subobject, casting objects, and invoking user-defined operators.
If you allow GDB to set type and range checking automatically, they
both default to off whenever the working language changes to
C or C++. This happens regardless of whether you or GDB
selects the working language.
If you allow GDB to set the language automatically, it
recognizes source files whose names end with .c, .C, or
.cc, etc, and when GDB enters code compiled from one of
these files, it sets the working language to C or C++.
See Having GDB infer the source language,
for further details.
By default, when GDB parses C or C++ expressions, type checking is not used. However, if you turn type checking on, GDB considers two variables type equivalent if:
typedef.
Range checking, if turned on, is done on mathematical operations. Array indices are not checked, since they are often used to index a pointer that is not itself an array.
The set print union and show print union commands apply to
the union type. When set to on, any union that is
inside a struct or class is also printed. Otherwise, it
appears as {...}.
The @ operator aids in the debugging of dynamic arrays, formed
with pointers and a memory allocation function. See Expressions.
Some GDB commands are particularly useful with C++, and some are designed specifically for use with C++. Here is a summary:
breakpoint menus
rbreak regex
catch throw
catch catch
ptype typename
set print demangle
show print demangle
set print asm-demangle
show print asm-demangle
set print object
show print object
set print vtbl
show print vtbl
vtbl commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP
ANSI C++ compiler (aCC).)
set overload-resolution on
set overload-resolution off
Overloaded symbol names
symbol(types) rather than just symbol. You can
also use the GDB command-line word completion facilities to list the
available choices, or to finish the type list for you.
See Command completion, for details on how to do this.
The extensions made to GDB to support Modula-2 only support output from the GNU Modula-2 compiler (which is currently being developed). Other Modula-2 compilers are not currently supported, and attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely to give an error as GDB reads in the executable's symbol table.
:: and .
Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
+ is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
often defined on groups of types. For the purposes of Modula-2, the
following definitions hold:
INTEGER, CARDINAL, and
their subranges.
CHAR and its subranges.
REAL.
POINTER TO
type.
SET and BITSET types.
BOOLEAN.
The following operators are supported, and appear in order of increasing precedence:
,
:=
:= value is
value.
<, >
<=, >=
<.
=, <>, #
<. In GDB scripts, only <> is
available for inequality, since # conflicts with the script
comment character.
IN
<.
OR
AND, &
@
+, -
*
/
*.
DIV, MOD
*.
-
INTEGER and REAL data.
^
NOT
^.
.
RECORD field selector. Defined on RECORD data. Same
precedence as ^.
[]
ARRAY data. Same precedence as ^.
()
PROCEDURE objects. Same precedence
as ^.
::, .
Warning: Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so GDB treats the use of the operatorIN, or the use of operators+,-,*,/,=, ,<>,#,<=, and>=on sets as an error.
Modula-2 also makes available several built-in procedures and functions. In describing these, the following metavariables are used:
ARRAY variable.
CHAR constant or variable.
SET OF mtype (where mtype is the type of m).
All Modula-2 built-in procedures also return a result, described below.
ABS(n)
CAP(c)
CHR(i)
DEC(v)
DEC(v,i)
EXCL(m,s)
FLOAT(i)
HIGH(a)
INC(v)
INC(v,i)
INCL(m,s)
MAX(t)
MIN(t)
ODD(i)
ORD(x)
SIZE(x)
TRUNC(r)
VAL(t,i)
Warning: Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so GDB treats the use of proceduresINCLandEXCLas an error.
H, and octal integers by a trailing B.
E[+|-]nnn, where
[+|-]nnn is the desired exponent. All of the
digits of the floating point constant must be valid decimal (base 10)
digits.
') or double ("). They may
also be expressed by their ordinal value (their ASCII value, usually)
followed by a C.
') or double (").
Escape sequences in the style of C are also allowed. See C and C++ constants, for a brief explanation of escape
sequences.
TRUE and
FALSE.
If type and range checking are set automatically by GDB, they
both default to on whenever the working language changes to
Modula-2. This happens regardless of whether you or GDB
selected the working language.
If you allow GDB to set the language automatically, then entering
code compiled from a file whose name ends with .mod sets the
working language to Modula-2. See Having GDB set the language automatically, for further details.
A few changes have been made to make Modula-2 programs easier to debug. This is done primarily via loosening its type strictness:
CHR(nnn) format.
:=) returns the value of its right-hand
argument.
Warning: in this release, GDB does not yet perform type or range checking.GDB considers two Modula-2 variables type equivalent if:
TYPE
t1 = t2 statement
As long as type checking is enabled, any attempt to combine variables whose types are not equivalent is an error.
Range checking is done on all mathematical operations, assignment, array index bounds, and all built-in functions and procedures.
:: and .There are a few subtle differences between the Modula-2 scope operator
(.) and the GDB scope operator (::). The two have
similar syntax:
module . id scope :: id
where scope is the name of a module or a procedure, module the name of a module, and id is any declared identifier within your program, except another module.
Using the :: operator makes GDB search the scope
specified by scope for the identifier id. If it is not
found in the specified scope, then GDB searches all scopes
enclosing the one specified by scope.
Using the . operator makes GDB search the current scope for
the identifier specified by id that was imported from the
definition module specified by module. With this operator, it is
an error if the identifier id was not imported from definition
module module, or if id is not an identifier in
module.
Some GDB commands have little use when debugging Modula-2 programs.
Five subcommands of set print and show print apply
specifically to C and C++: vtbl, demangle,
asm-demangle, object, and union. The first four
apply to C++, and the last to the C union type, which has no direct
analogue in Modula-2.
The @ operator (see Expressions), while available
with any language, is not useful with Modula-2. Its
intent is to aid the debugging of dynamic arrays, which cannot be
created in Modula-2 as they can in C or C++. However, because an
address can be specified by an integral constant, the construct
{type}adrexp is still useful.
In GDB scripts, the Modula-2 inequality operator # is
interpreted as the beginning of a comment. Use <> instead.
The extensions made to GDB to support Chill only support output from the GNU Chill compiler. Other Chill compilers are not currently supported, and attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely to give an error as GDB reads in the executable's symbol table.
This section covers the Chill related topics and the features of GDB which support these topics.
The Chill Datatype- (Mode) support of GDB is directly related with the functionality of the GNU Chill compiler, and therefore deviates slightly from the standard specification of the Chill language. The provided modes are:
Discrete modes:
BYTE, UBYTE, INT,
UINT, LONG, ULONG,
BOOL,
CHAR,
SET.
(gdb) ptype x type = SET (karli = 10, susi = 20, fritzi = 100)If the type is an unnumbered set the set element values are omitted.
type = <basemode>(<lower bound> : <upper bound>)
<lower bound>, <upper bound> can be of any discrete literal
expression (e.g. set element names).
Powerset Mode:
POWERSET followed by
the member mode of the powerset. The member mode can be any discrete mode.
(gdb) ptype x type = POWERSET SET (egon, hugo, otto)
Reference Modes:
REF
followed by the mode name to which the reference is bound.
PTR.
Procedure mode
type = PROC(<parameter list>)
<return mode> EXCEPTIONS (<exception list>). The <parameter
list> is a list of the parameter modes. <return mode> indicates
the mode of the result of the procedure if any. The exceptionlist lists
all possible exceptions which can be raised by the procedure.
Synchronization Modes:
EVENT (<event length>)
(<event length>) is optional.
BUFFER (<buffer length>)<buffer element mode>
(<buffer length>) is optional.
Timing Modes:
DURATION
TIME
Real Modes:
REAL and LONG_REAL.
String Modes:
CHARS(<string length>)
VARYING if the String Mode is a varying
mode
BOOLS(<string
length>)
Array Mode:
ARRAY(<range>)
followed by the element mode (which may in turn be an array mode).
(gdb) ptype x
type = ARRAY (1:42)
ARRAY (1:20)
SET (karli = 10, susi = 20, fritzi = 100)
Structure Mode
STRUCT(<field
list>). The <field list> consists of names and modes of fields
of the structure. Variant structures have the keyword CASE <field>
OF <variant fields> ESAC in their field list. Since the current version
of the GNU Chill compiler doesn't implement tag processing (no runtime
checks of variant fields, and therefore no debugging info), the output
always displays all variant fields.
(gdb) ptype str
type = STRUCT (
as x,
bs x,
CASE bs OF
(karli):
cs a
(ott):
ds x
ESAC
)
A location in Chill is an object which can contain values.
A value of a location is generally accessed by the (declared) name of the location. The output conforms to the specification of values in Chill programs. How values are specified is the topic of the next section, Values and their Operations.
The pseudo-location RESULT (or result) can be used to
display or change the result of a currently-active procedure:
set result := EXPR
This does the same as the Chill action RESULT EXPR (which
is not available in GDB).
Values of reference mode locations are printed by PTR(<hex
value>) in case of a free reference mode, and by (REF <reference
mode>) (<hex-value>) in case of a bound reference. <hex value>
represents the address where the reference points to. To access the
value of the location referenced by the pointer, use the dereference
operator ->.
Values of procedure mode locations are displayed by
{ PROC
(<argument modes> ) <return mode> } <address> <name of procedure
location>
<argument modes> is a list of modes according to the parameter
specification of the procedure and <address> shows the address of
the entry point.
Substructures of string mode-, array mode- or structure mode-values (e.g. array slices, fields of structure locations) are accessed using certain operations which are described in the next section, Values and their Operations.
A location value may be interpreted as having a different mode using the
location conversion. This mode conversion is written as <mode
name>(<location>). The user has to consider that the sizes of the modes
have to be equal otherwise an error occurs. Furthermore, no range
checking of the location against the destination mode is performed, and
therefore the result can be quite confusing.
(gdb) print int (s(3 up 4)) XXX TO be filled in !! XXX
Values are used to alter locations, to investigate complex structures in more detail or to filter relevant information out of a large amount of data. There are several (mode dependent) operations defined which enable such investigations. These operations are not only applicable to constant values but also to locations, which can become quite useful when debugging complex structures. During parsing the command line (e.g. evaluating an expression) GDB treats location names as the values behind these locations.
This section describes how values have to be specified and which operations are legal to be used with such values.
Literal Values
Tuple Values
<mode name>[<tuple>], where <mode
name> can be omitted if the mode of the tuple is unambiguous. This
unambiguity is derived from the context of a evaluated expression.
<tuple> can be one of the following:
String Element Value
<string value>(<index>)
<index> is a integer expression. It delivers a character
value which is equivalent to the character indexed by <index> in
the string.
String Slice Value
<string value>(<slice
spec>), where <slice spec> can be either a range of integer
expressions or specified by <start expr> up <size>.
<size> denotes the number of elements which the slice contains.
The delivered value is a string value, which is part of the specified
string.
Array Element Values
<array value>(<expr>) and
delivers a array element value of the mode of the specified array.
Array Slice Values
<array value>(<slice spec>), where
<slice spec> can be either a range specified by expressions or by
<start expr> up <size>. <size> denotes the number of
arrayelements the slice contains. The delivered value is an array value
which is part of the specified array.
Structure Field Values
<structure value>.<field
name>, where <field name> indicates the name of a field specified
in the mode definition of the structure. The mode of the delivered value
corresponds to this mode definition in the structure definition.
Procedure Call Value
Values of duration mode locations are represented by ULONG literals.
Values of time mode locations appear as
TIME(<secs>:<nsecs>)
Zero-adic Operator Value
Expression Values
OR, ORIF, XORAND, ANDIFNOT=, /=>, >=<, <=+, -*, /, MOD, REM-//()->->loc), or to dereference a reference
location (loc->).
OR, XORANDNOT>, >=<, <=INRange checking is done on all mathematical operations, assignment, array index bounds and all built in procedures.
Strong type checks are forced using the GDB command set
check strong. This enforces strong type and range checks on all
operations where Chill constructs are used (expressions, built in
functions, etc.) in respect to the semantics as defined in the z.200
language specification.
All checks can be disabled by the GDB command set check
off.
If type and range checking are set automatically by GDB, they
both default to on whenever the working language changes to
Chill. This happens regardless of whether you or GDB
selected the working language.
If you allow GDB to set the language automatically, then entering
code compiled from a file whose name ends with .ch sets the
working language to Chill. See Having GDB set the language automatically, for further details.
The commands described in this chapter allow you to inquire about the symbols (names of variables, functions and types) defined in your program. This information is inherent in the text of your program and does not change as your program executes. GDB finds it in your program's symbol table, in the file indicated when you started GDB (see Choosing files), or by one of the file-management commands (see Commands to specify files).
Occasionally, you may need to refer to symbols that contain unusual
characters, which GDB ordinarily treats as word delimiters. The
most frequent case is in referring to static variables in other
source files (see Program variables). File names
are recorded in object files as debugging symbols, but GDB would
ordinarily parse a typical file name, like foo.c, as the three words
foo . c. To allow GDB to recognize
foo.c as a single symbol, enclose it in single quotes; for example,
p 'foo.c'::x
looks up the value of x in the scope of the file foo.c.
info address symbol
Note the contrast with print &symbol, which does not work
at all for a register variable, and for a stack local variable prints
the exact address of the current instantiation of the variable.
whatis expr
whatis
$, the last value in the value history.
ptype typename
class
class-name, struct struct-tag, union
union-tag or enum enum-tag.
ptype expr
ptype
ptype
differs from whatis by printing a detailed description, instead
of just the name of the type.
For example, for this variable declaration:
struct complex {double real; double imag;} v;
the two commands give this output:
(gdb) whatis v
type = struct complex
(gdb) ptype v
type = struct complex {
double real;
double imag;
}
As with whatis, using ptype without an argument refers to
the type of $, the last value in the value history.
info types regexp
info types
i type value gives information on all types in your program whose
names include the string value, but i type ^value$ gives
information only on types whose complete name is value.
This command differs from ptype in two ways: first, like
whatis, it does not print a detailed description; second, it
lists all source files where a type is defined.
info source
info sources
info functions
info functions regexp
info fun step finds all functions whose names
include step; info fun ^step finds those whose names
start with step.
info variables
info variables regexp
Some systems allow individual object files that make up your program to be replaced without stopping and restarting your program. For example, in VxWorks you can simply recompile a defective object file and keep on running. If you are running on one of these systems, you can allow GDB to reload the symbols for automatically relinked modules:
set symbol-reloading on
set symbol-reloading off
symbol-reloading off, since otherwise GDB
may discard symbols when linking large programs, that may contain
several modules (from different directories or libraries) with the same
name.
show symbol-reloading
on or off setting.
set opaque-type-resolution on
struct, class, or
union--for example, struct MyType *--that is used in one
source file although the full declaration of struct MyType is in
another source file. The default is on.
A change in the setting of this subcommand will not take effect until
the next time symbols for a file are loaded.
set opaque-type-resolution off
{<no data fields>}
show opaque-type-resolution
maint print symbols filename
maint print psymbols filename
maint print msymbols filename
maint print
symbols, GDB includes all the symbols for which it has already
collected full details: that is, filename reflects symbols for
only those files whose symbols GDB has read. You can use the
command info sources to find out which files these are. If you
use maint print psymbols instead, the dump shows information about
symbols that GDB only knows partially--that is, symbols defined in
files that GDB has skimmed, but not yet read completely. Finally,
maint print msymbols dumps just the minimal symbol information
required for each object file from which GDB has read some symbols.
See Commands to specify files, for a discussion of how
GDB reads symbols (in the description of symbol-file).
Once you think you have found an error in your program, you might want to find out for certain whether correcting the apparent error would lead to correct results in the rest of the run. You can find the answer by experiment, using the GDB features for altering execution of the program.
For example, you can store new values into variables or memory locations, give your program a signal, restart it at a different address, or even return prematurely from a function.
To alter the value of a variable, evaluate an assignment expression. See Expressions. For example,
print x=4
stores the value 4 into the variable x, and then prints the
value of the assignment expression (which is 4).
See Using GDB with Different Languages, for more
information on operators in supported languages.
If you are not interested in seeing the value of the assignment, use the
set command instead of the print command. set is
really the same as print except that the expression's value is
not printed and is not put in the value history (see Value history). The expression is evaluated only for its effects.
If the beginning of the argument string of the set command
appears identical to a set subcommand, use the set
variable command instead of just set. This command is identical
to set except for its lack of subcommands. For example, if your
program has a variable width, you get an error if you try to set
a new value with just set width=13, because GDB has the
command set width:
(gdb) whatis width type = double (gdb) p width $4 = 13 (gdb) set width=47 Invalid syntax in expression.
The invalid expression, of course, is =47. In
order to actually set the program's variable width, use
(gdb) set var width=47
Because the set command has many subcommands that can conflict
with the names of program variables, it is a good idea to use the
set variable command instead of just set. For example, if
your program has a variable g, you run into problems if you try
to set a new value with just set g=4, because GDB has
the command set gnutarget, abbreviated set g:
(gdb) whatis g
type = double
(gdb) p g
$1 = 1
(gdb) set g=4
(gdb) p g
$2 = 1
(gdb) r
The program being debugged has been started already.
Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y
Starting program: /home/smith/cc_progs/a.out
"/home/smith/cc_progs/a.out": can't open to read symbols:
Invalid bfd target.
(gdb) show g
The current BFD target is "=4".
The program variable g did not change, and you silently set the
gnutarget to an invalid value. In order to set the variable
g, use
(gdb) set var g=4GDB allows more implicit conversions in assignments than C; you can freely store an integer value into a pointer variable or vice versa, and you can convert any structure to any other structure that is the same length or shorter.
To store values into arbitrary places in memory, use the {...}
construct to generate a value of specified type at a specified address
(see Expressions). For example, {int}0x83040 refers
to memory location 0x83040 as an integer (which implies a certain size
and representation in memory), and
set {int}0x83040 = 4
stores the value 4 into that memory location.
Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where
it stopped, with the continue command. You can instead continue at
an address of your own choosing, with the following commands:
jump linespec
tbreak command
in conjunction with jump. See Setting breakpoints.
The jump command does not change the current stack frame, or
the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or any
register other than the program counter. If line linespec is in
a different function from the one currently executing, the results may
be bizarre if the two functions expect different patterns of arguments or
of local variables. For this reason, the jump command requests
confirmation if the specified line is not in the function currently
executing. However, even bizarre results are predictable if you are
well acquainted with the machine-language code of your program.
jump *address
On many systems, you can get much the same effect as the jump
command by storing a new value into the register $pc. The
difference is that this does not start your program running; it only
changes the address of where it will run when you continue. For
example,
set $pc = 0x485
makes the next continue command or stepping command execute at
address 0x485, rather than at the address where your program stopped.
See Continuing and stepping.
The most common occasion to use the jump command is to back
up--perhaps with more breakpoints set--over a portion of a program
that has already executed, in order to examine its execution in more
detail.
signal signal
signal 2 and signal
SIGINT are both ways of sending an interrupt signal.
Alternatively, if signal is zero, continue execution without
giving a signal. This is useful when your program stopped on account of
a signal and would ordinary see the signal when resumed with the
continue command; signal 0 causes it to resume without a
signal.
signal does not repeat when you press <RET> a second time
after executing the command.
Invoking the signal command is not the same as invoking the
kill utility from the shell. Sending a signal with kill
causes GDB to decide what to do with the signal depending on
the signal handling tables (see Signals). The signal command
passes the signal directly to your program.
return
return expression
return
command. If you give an
expression argument, its value is used as the function's return
value.
When you use return, GDB discards the selected stack frame
(and all frames within it). You can think of this as making the
discarded frame return prematurely. If you wish to specify a value to
be returned, give that value as the argument to return.
This pops the selected stack frame (see Selecting a frame), and any other frames inside of it, leaving its caller as the innermost remaining frame. That frame becomes selected. The specified value is stored in the registers used for returning values of functions.
The return command does not resume execution; it leaves the
program stopped in the state that would exist if the function had just
returned. In contrast, the finish command (see Continuing and stepping) resumes execution until the
selected stack frame returns naturally.
call expr
void
returned values.
You can use this variant of the print command if you want to
execute a function from your program, but without cluttering the output
with void returned values. If the result is not void, it
is printed and saved in the value history.
For the A29K, a user-controlled variable call_scratch_address,
specifies the location of a scratch area to be used when GDB
calls a function in the target. This is necessary because the usual
method of putting the scratch area on the stack does not work in systems
that have separate instruction and data spaces.
By default, GDB opens the file containing your program's executable code (or the corefile) read-only. This prevents accidental alterations to machine code; but it also prevents you from intentionally patching your program's binary.
If you'd like to be able to patch the binary, you can specify that
explicitly with the set write command. For example, you might
want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to make emergency
repairs.
set write on
set write off
set write on, GDB opens executable and
core files for both reading and writing; if you specify set write
off (the default), GDB opens them read-only.
If you have already loaded a file, you must load it again (using the
exec-file or core-file command) after changing set
write, for your new setting to take effect.
show write
You may want to specify executable and core dump file names. The usual way to do this is at start-up time, using the arguments to GDB's start-up commands (see Getting In and Out of GDB).
Occasionally it is necessary to change to a different file during a GDB session. Or you may run GDB and forget to specify a file you want to use. In these situations the GDB commands to specify new files are useful.
file filename
run command. If you do not specify a
directory and the file is not found in the GDB working directory,
GDB uses the environment variable PATH as a list of
directories to search, just as the shell does when looking for a program
to run. You can change the value of this variable, for both GDB
and your program, using the path command.
On systems with memory-mapped files, an auxiliary file named
filename.syms may hold symbol table information for
filename. If so, GDB maps in the symbol table from
filename.syms, starting up more quickly. See the
descriptions of the file options -mapped and -readnow
(available on the command line, and with the commands file,
symbol-file, or add-symbol-file, described below),
for more information.
file
file with no argument makes GDB discard any information it
has on both executable file and the symbol table.
exec-file [ filename ]
PATH
if necessary to locate your program. Omitting filename means to
discard information on the executable file.
symbol-file [ filename ]
PATH is
searched when necessary. Use the file command to get both symbol
table and program to run from the same file.
symbol-file with no argument clears out GDB information on your
program's symbol table.
The symbol-file command causes GDB to forget the contents
of its convenience variables, the value history, and all breakpoints and
auto-display expressions. This is because they may contain pointers to
the internal data recording symbols and data types, which are part of
the old symbol table data being discarded inside GDB.
symbol-file does not repeat if you press <RET> again after
executing it once.
When GDB is configured for a particular environment, it
understands debugging information in whatever format is the standard
generated for that environment; you may use either a GNU compiler, or
other compilers that adhere to the local conventions.
Best results are usually obtained from GNU compilers; for example,
using gcc you can generate debugging information for
optimized code.
For most kinds of object files, with the exception of old SVR3 systems
using COFF, the symbol-file command does not normally read the
symbol table in full right away. Instead, it scans the symbol table
quickly to find which source files and which symbols are present. The
details are read later, one source file at a time, as they are needed.
The purpose of this two-stage reading strategy is to make GDB
start up faster. For the most part, it is invisible except for
occasional pauses while the symbol table details for a particular source
file are being read. (The set verbose command can turn these
pauses into messages if desired. See Optional warnings and messages.)
We have not implemented the two-stage strategy for COFF yet. When the
symbol table is stored in COFF format, symbol-file reads the
symbol table data in full right away. Note that "stabs-in-COFF"
still does the two-stage strategy, since the debug info is actually
in stabs format.
symbol-file filename [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]
file filename [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]
-readnow option with any of the commands that
load symbol table information, if you want to be sure GDB has the
entire symbol table available.
If memory-mapped files are available on your system through the
mmap system call, you can use another option, -mapped, to
cause GDB to write the symbols for your program into a reusable
file. Future GDB debugging sessions map in symbol information
from this auxiliary symbol file (if the program has not changed), rather
than spending time reading the symbol table from the executable
program. Using the -mapped option has the same effect as
starting GDB with the -mapped command-line option.
You can use both options together, to make sure the auxiliary symbol file has all the symbol information for your program.
The auxiliary symbol file for a program called myprog is called
myprog.syms. Once this file exists (so long as it is newer
than the corresponding executable), GDB always attempts to use
it when you debug myprog; no special options or commands are
needed.
The .syms file is specific to the host machine where you run
GDB. It holds an exact image of the internal GDB
symbol table. It cannot be shared across multiple host platforms.
core-file [ filename ]
core-file with no argument specifies that no core file is
to be used.
Note that the core file is ignored when your program is actually running
under GDB. So, if you have been running your program and you
wish to debug a core file instead, you must kill the subprocess in which
the program is running. To do this, use the kill command
(see Killing the child process).
add-symbol-file filename address
add-symbol-file filename address [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]
add-symbol-file filename address data_address bss_address
add-symbol-file filename -Tsection address
add-symbol-file command reads additional symbol table
information from the file filename. You would use this command
when filename has been dynamically loaded (by some other means)
into the program that is running. address should be the memory
address at which the file has been loaded; GDB cannot figure
this out for itself. You can specify up to three addresses, in which
case they are taken to be the addresses of the text, data, and bss
segments respectively. For complicated cases, you can specify an
arbitrary number of -Tsection address pairs, to
give an explicit section name and base address for that section. You
can specify any address as an expression.
The symbol table of the file filename is added to the symbol table
originally read with the symbol-file command. You can use the
add-symbol-file command any number of times; the new symbol data
thus read keeps adding to the old. To discard all old symbol data
instead, use the symbol-file command without any arguments.
add-symbol-file does not repeat if you press <RET> after using it.
You can use the -mapped and -readnow options just as with
the symbol-file command, to change how GDB manages the symbol
table information for filename.
add-shared-symbol-file
add-shared-symbol-file command can be used only under Harris' CXUX
operating system for the Motorola 88k. GDB automatically looks for
shared libraries, however if GDB does not find yours, you can run
add-shared-symbol-file. It takes no arguments.
section
section command changes the base address of section SECTION of
the exec file to ADDR. This can be used if the exec file does not contain
section addresses, (such as in the a.out format), or when the addresses
specified in the file itself are wrong. Each section must be changed
separately. The info files command, described below, lists all
the sections and their addresses.
info files
info target
info files and info target are synonymous; both print the
current target (see Specifying a Debugging Target),
including the names of the executable and core dump files currently in
use by GDB, and the files from which symbols were loaded. The
command help target lists all possible targets rather than
current ones.
All file-specifying commands allow both absolute and relative file names
as arguments. GDB always converts the file name to an absolute file
name and remembers it that way.
GDB supports HP-UX, SunOS, SVr4, Irix 5, and IBM RS/6000 shared
libraries.
GDB automatically loads symbol definitions from shared libraries
when you use the run command, or when you examine a core file.
(Before you issue the run command, GDB does not understand
references to a function in a shared library, however--unless you are
debugging a core file).
On HP-UX, if the program loads a library explicitly, GDB
automatically loads the symbols at the time of the shl_load call.
info share
info sharedlibrary
sharedlibrary regex
share regex
run. If
regex is omitted all shared libraries required by your program are
loaded.
On HP-UX systems, GDB detects the loading of a shared library and automatically reads in symbols from the newly loaded library, up to a threshold that is initially set but that you can modify if you wish.
Beyond that threshold, symbols from shared libraries must be explicitly
loaded. To load these symbols, use the command sharedlibrary
filename. The base address of the shared library is determined
automatically by GDB and need not be specified.
To display or set the threshold, use the commands:
set auto-solib-add threshold
sharedlibrary command. The default threshold is 100 megabytes.
show auto-solib-add
While reading a symbol file, GDB occasionally encounters problems,
such as symbol types it does not recognize, or known bugs in compiler
output. By default, GDB does not notify you of such problems, since
they are relatively common and primarily of interest to people
debugging compilers. If you are interested in seeing information
about ill-constructed symbol tables, you can either ask GDB to print
only one message about each such type of problem, no matter how many
times the problem occurs; or you can ask GDB to print more messages,
to see how many times the problems occur, with the set
complaints command (see Optional warnings and messages).
The messages currently printed, and their meanings, include:
inner block not inside outer block in symbol
(don't know)" if the outer block is not a
function.
block at address out of order
set verbose on. See Optional warnings and messages.)
bad block start address patched
bad string table offset in symbol n
foo, which may cause other problems if many symbols end up
with this name.
unknown symbol type 0xnn
0xnn is the symbol type of the
uncomprehended information, in hexadecimal.
GDB circumvents the error by ignoring this symbol information.
This usually allows you to debug your program, though certain symbols
are not accessible. If you encounter such a problem and feel like
debugging it, you can debug gdb with itself, breakpoint
on complain, then go up to the function read_dbx_symtab
and examine *bufp to see the symbol.
stub type has NULL name
const/volatile indicator missing (ok if using g++ v1.x), got...
info mismatch between compiler and debugger
A target is the execution environment occupied by your program.
Often, GDB runs in the same host environment as your program;
in that case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when
you use the file or core commands. When you need more
flexibility--for example, running GDB on a physically separate
host, or controlling a standalone system over a serial port or a
realtime system over a TCP/IP connection--you can use the target
command to specify one of the target types configured for GDB
(see Commands for managing targets).
There are three classes of targets: processes, core files, and executable files. GDB can work concurrently on up to three active targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for example) start a process and inspect its activity without abandoning your work on a core file.
For example, if you execute gdb a.out, then the executable file
a.out is the only active target. If you designate a core file as
well--presumably from a prior run that crashed and coredumped--then
GDB has two active targets and uses them in tandem, looking
first in the corefile target, then in the executable file, to satisfy
requests for memory addresses. (Typically, these two classes of target
are complementary, since core files contain only a program's
read-write memory--variables and so on--plus machine status, while
executable files contain only the program text and initialized data.)
When you type run, your executable file becomes an active process
target as well. When a process target is active, all GDB
commands requesting memory addresses refer to that target; addresses in
an active core file or executable file target are obscured while the
process target is active.
Use the core-file and exec-file commands to select a new
core file or executable target (see Commands to specify files). To specify as a target a process that is already running, use
the attach command (see Debugging an already-running process).
target type parameters
Further parameters are interpreted by the target protocol, but typically include things like device names or host names to connect with, process numbers, and baud rates.
The target command does not repeat if you press <RET> again
after executing the command.
help target
info target or info files
(see Commands to specify files).
help target name
set gnutarget args
set gnutarget command. Unlike most target commands,
with gnutarget the target refers to a program, not a machine.
Warning: To specify a file format with set gnutarget,
you must know the actual BFD name.
show gnutarget
show gnutarget command to display what file format
gnutarget is set to read. If you have not set gnutarget,
GDB will determine the file format for each file automatically,
and show gnutarget displays The current BDF target is "auto".
Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB configuration):
target exec program
target exec program is the same as
exec-file program.
target core filename
target core filename is the same as
core-file filename.
target remote dev
/dev/ttya). See Remote debugging. target remote
supports the load command. This is only useful if you have
some other way of getting the stub to the target system, and you can put
it somewhere in memory where it won't get clobbered by the download.
target sim
target sim
load
run
works; however, you cannot assume that a specific memory map, device drivers, or even basic I/O is available, although some simulators do provide these. For info about any processor-specific simulator details, see the appropriate section in Embedded Processors.
Some configurations may include these targets as well:
target nrom dev
Different targets are available on different configurations of GDB; your configuration may have more or fewer targets.
Many remote targets require you to download the executable's code once you've successfully established a connection.
load filename
load command may be available. Where it exists, it
is meant to make filename (an executable) available for debugging
on the remote system--by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example.
load also records the filename symbol table in GDB, like
the add-symbol-file command.
If your GDB does not have a load command, attempting to
execute it gets the error message "You can't do that when your
target is ..."
The file is loaded at whatever address is specified in the executable. For some object file formats, you can specify the load address when you link the program; for other formats, like a.out, the object file format specifies a fixed address.
load does not repeat if you press <RET> again after using it.
Some types of processors, such as the MIPS, PowerPC, and Hitachi SH, offer the ability to run either big-endian or little-endian byte orders. Usually the executable or symbol will include a bit to designate the endian-ness, and you will not need to worry about which to use. However, you may still find it useful to adjust GDB's idea of processor endian-ness manually.
set endian big
set endian little
set endian auto
show endian
Note that these commands merely adjust interpretation of symbolic data on the host, and that they have absolutely no effect on the target system.
If you are trying to debug a program running on a machine that cannot run GDB in the usual way, it is often useful to use remote debugging. For example, you might use remote debugging on an operating system kernel, or on a small system which does not have a general purpose operating system powerful enough to run a full-featured debugger.
Some configurations of GDB have special serial or TCP/IP interfaces to make this work with particular debugging targets. In addition, GDB comes with a generic serial protocol (specific to GDB, but not specific to any particular target system) which you can use if you write the remote stubs--the code that runs on the remote system to communicate with GDB.
Other remote targets may be available in your
configuration of GDB; use help target to list them.
To debug a program running on another machine (the debugging target machine), you must first arrange for all the usual prerequisites for the program to run by itself. For example, for a C program, you need:
crt0. The startup routine may be supplied by
your hardware supplier, or you may have to write your own.
The next step is to arrange for your program to use a serial port to communicate with the machine where GDB is running (the host machine). In general terms, the scheme looks like this:
target remote command
(see Specifying a Debugging Target).
On certain remote targets, you can use an auxiliary program
gdbserver instead of linking a stub into your program.
See Using the gdbserver program, for details.
The debugging stub is specific to the architecture of the remote
machine; for example, use sparc-stub.c to debug programs on
SPARC boards.
These working remote stubs are distributed with GDB:
i386-stub.c
m68k-stub.c
sh-stub.c
sparc-stub.c
sparcl-stub.c
The README file in the GDB distribution may list other
recently added stubs.
The debugging stub for your architecture supplies these three subroutines:
set_debug_traps
handle_exception to run when your
program stops. You must call this subroutine explicitly near the
beginning of your program.
handle_exception
handle_exception to
run when a trap is triggered.
handle_exception takes control when your program stops during
execution (for example, on a breakpoint), and mediates communications
with GDB on the host machine. This is where the communications
protocol is implemented; handle_exception acts as the GDB
representative on the target machine. It begins by sending summary
information on the state of your program, then continues to execute,
retrieving and transmitting any information GDB needs, until you
execute a GDB command that makes your program resume; at that point,
handle_exception returns control to your own code on the target
machine.
breakpoint
handle_exception--in effect, to GDB. On some machines,
simply receiving characters on the serial port may also trigger a trap;
again, in that situation, you don't need to call breakpoint from
your own program--simply running target remote from the host
GDB session gets control.
Call breakpoint if none of these is true, or if you simply want
to make certain your program stops at a predetermined point for the
start of your debugging session.
The debugging stubs that come with GDB are set up for a particular chip architecture, but they have no information about the rest of your debugging target machine.
First of all you need to tell the stub how to communicate with the serial port.
int getDebugChar()
getchar for your target system; a
different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish.
void putDebugChar(int)
putchar for your target system; a
different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish.
If you want GDB to be able to stop your program while it is
running, you need to use an interrupt-driven serial driver, and arrange
for it to stop when it receives a ^C (\003, the control-C
character). That is the character which GDB uses to tell the
remote system to stop.
Getting the debugging target to return the proper status to GDB
probably requires changes to the standard stub; one quick and dirty way
is to just execute a breakpoint instruction (the "dirty" part is that
GDB reports a SIGTRAP instead of a SIGINT).
Other routines you need to supply are:
void exceptionHandler (int exception_number, void *exception_address)
For the 386, exception_address should be installed as an interrupt
gate so that interrupts are masked while the handler runs. The gate
should be at privilege level 0 (the most privileged level). The
SPARC and 68k stubs are able to mask interrupts themselves without
help from exceptionHandler.
void flush_i_cache()
On target machines that have instruction caches, GDB requires this function to make certain that the state of your program is stable.
You must also make sure this library routine is available:
void *memset(void *, int, int)
memset that sets an area of
memory to a known value. If you have one of the free versions of
libc.a, memset can be found there; otherwise, you must
either obtain it from your hardware manufacturer, or write your own.
If you do not use the GNU C compiler, you may need other standard
library subroutines as well; this varies from one stub to another,
but in general the stubs are likely to use any of the common library
subroutines which gcc generates as inline code.
In summary, when your program is ready to debug, you must follow these steps.
getDebugChar,putDebugChar,flush_i_cache,memset,exceptionHandler.
set_debug_traps(); breakpoint();
exceptionHook. Normally you just use:
void (*exceptionHook)() = 0;
but if before calling set_debug_traps, you set it to point to a
function in your program, that function is called when
GDB continues after stopping on a trap (for example, bus
error). The function indicated by exceptionHook is called with
one parameter: an int which is the exception number.
target remote command.
Its argument specifies how to communicate with the target
machine--either via a devicename attached to a direct serial line, or a
TCP port (usually to a terminal server which in turn has a serial line
to the target). For example, to use a serial line connected to the
device named /dev/ttyb:
target remote /dev/ttyb
To use a TCP connection, use an argument of the form
host:port. For example, to connect to port 2828 on a
terminal server named manyfarms:
target remote manyfarms:2828
Now you can use all the usual commands to examine and change data and to step and continue the remote program.
To resume the remote program and stop debugging it, use the detach
command.
Whenever GDB is waiting for the remote program, if you type the interrupt character (often <C-C>), GDB attempts to stop the program. This may or may not succeed, depending in part on the hardware and the serial drivers the remote system uses. If you type the interrupt character once again, GDB displays this prompt:
Interrupted while waiting for the program. Give up (and stop debugging it)? (y or n)
If you type y, GDB abandons the remote debugging session.
(If you decide you want to try again later, you can use target
remote again to connect once more.) If you type n, GDB
goes back to waiting.
The stub files provided with GDB implement the target side of the
communication protocol, and the GDB side is implemented in the
GDB source file remote.c. Normally, you can simply allow
these subroutines to communicate, and ignore the details. (If you're
implementing your own stub file, you can still ignore the details: start
with one of the existing stub files. sparc-stub.c is the best
organized, and therefore the easiest to read.)
However, there may be occasions when you need to know something about the protocol--for example, if there is only one serial port to your target machine, you might want your program to do something special if it recognizes a packet meant for GDB.
In the examples below, <- and -> are used to indicate
transmitted and received data respectfully.
All GDB commands and responses (other than acknowledgments) are
sent as a packet. A packet is introduced with the character
$, the actual packet-data, and the terminating character
# followed by a two-digit checksum:
$packet-data#checksum
The two-digit checksum is computed as the modulo 256 sum of all
characters between the leading $ and the trailing # (an
eight bit unsigned checksum).
Implementors should note that prior to GDB 5.0 the protocol specification also included an optional two-digit sequence-id:
$sequence-id:packet-data#checksum
That sequence-id was appended to the acknowledgment. GDB has never output sequence-ids. Stubs that handle packets added since GDB 5.0 must not accept sequence-id.
When either the host or the target machine receives a packet, the first
response expected is an acknowledgment: either + (to indicate
the package was received correctly) or - (to request
retransmission):
<-$packet-data#checksum ->+
The host (GDB) sends commands, and the target (the debugging stub incorporated in your program) sends a response. In the case of step and continue commands, the response is only sent when the operation has completed (the target has again stopped).
packet-data consists of a sequence of characters with the
exception of # and $ (see X packet for additional
exceptions).
Fields within the packet should be separated using , ; or
:. Except where otherwise noted all numbers are represented in
HEX with leading zeros suppressed.
Implementors should note that prior to GDB 5.0, the character
: could not appear as the third character in a packet (as it
would potentially conflict with the sequence-id).
Response data can be run-length encoded to save space. A *
means that the next character is an ASCII encoding giving a repeat count
which stands for that many repetitions of the character preceding the
*. The encoding is n+29, yielding a printable character
where n >=3 (which is where rle starts to win). The printable
characters $, #, + and - or with a numeric
value greater than 126 should not be used.
Some remote systems have used a different run-length encoding mechanism
loosely refered to as the cisco encoding. Following the *
character are two hex digits that indicate the size of the packet.
So:
"0* "
means the same as "0000".
The error response returned for some packets includes a two character error number. That number is not well defined.
For any command not supported by the stub, an empty response
($#00) should be returned. That way it is possible to extend the
protocol. A newer GDB can tell if a packet is supported based
on that response.
A stub is required to support the g, G, m, M,
c, and s commands. All other commands are
optional.
Below is a complete list of all currently defined commands and their corresponding response data:
| Packet | Request | Description
|
| extended ops | !
|
Use the extended remote protocol. Sticky--only needs to be set once.
The extended remote protocol supports the R packet.
|
reply |
Stubs that support the extended remote protocol return | |
| last signal | ?
|
Indicate the reason the target halted. The reply is the same as for step
and continue.
|
| reply | see below
| |
| reserved | a
| Reserved for future use
|
| set program arguments (reserved) | Aarglen,argnum,arg,...
|
|
Initialized argv[] array passed into program. arglen
specifies the number of bytes in the hex encoded byte stream arg.
See gdbserver for more details.
| ||
reply OK
| ||
reply ENN
| ||
| set baud (deprecated) | bbaud
|
Change the serial line speed to baud. JTC: When does the
transport layer state change? When it's received, or after the ACK is
transmitted. In either case, there are problems if the command or the
acknowledgment packet is dropped. Stan: If people really wanted
to add something like this, and get it working for the first time, they
ought to modify ser-unix.c to send some kind of out-of-band message to a
specially-setup stub and have the switch happen "in between" packets, so
that from remote protocol's point of view, nothing actually
happened.
|
| set breakpoint (deprecated) | Baddr,mode
|
Set (mode is S) or clear (mode is C) a
breakpoint at addr. This has been replaced by the Z and
z packets.
|
| continue | caddr
|
addr is address to resume. If addr is omitted, resume at
current address.
|
| reply | see below
| |
| continue with signal | Csig;addr
|
Continue with signal sig (hex signal number). If
;addr is omitted, resume at same address.
|
| reply | see below
| |
| toggle debug (deprecated) | d
|
toggle debug flag.
|
| detach | D
|
Detach GDB from the remote system. Sent to the remote target before
GDB disconnects.
|
| reply no response |
GDB does not check for any response after sending this packet.
| |
| reserved | e
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | E
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | f
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | F
| Reserved for future use
|
| read registers | g
| Read general registers.
|
| reply XX... |
Each byte of register data is described by two hex digits. The bytes
with the register are transmitted in target byte order. The size of
each register and their position within the g packet are
determined by the GDB internal macros REGISTER_RAW_SIZE and
REGISTER_NAME macros. The specification of several standard
g packets is specified below.
| |
ENN
| for an error.
| |
| write regs | GXX...
|
See g for a description of the XX... data.
|
reply OK
| for success
| |
reply ENN
| for an error
| |
| reserved | h
| Reserved for future use
|
| set thread | Hct...
|
Set thread for subsequent operations (m, M, g,
G, et.al.). c = c for thread used in step and
continue; t... can be -1 for all threads. c = g for
thread used in other operations. If zero, pick a thread, any thread.
|
reply OK
| for success
| |
reply ENN
| for an error
| |
| cycle step (draft) | iaddr,nnn
|
Step the remote target by a single clock cycle. If ,nnn is
present, cycle step nnn cycles. If addr is present, cycle
step starting at that address.
|
| signal then cycle step (reserved) | I
|
See i and S for likely syntax and semantics.
|
| reserved | j
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | J
| Reserved for future use
|
| kill request | k
|
FIXME: There is no description of how operate when a specific
thread context has been selected (ie. does 'k' kill only that thread?).
|
| reserved | l
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | L
| Reserved for future use
|
| read memory | maddr,length
|
Read length bytes of memory starting at address addr.
Neither GDB nor the stub assume that sized memory transfers are assumed
using word alligned accesses. FIXME: A word aligned memory
transfer mechanism is needed.
|
| reply XX... |
XX... is mem contents. Can be fewer bytes than requested if able
to read only part of the data. Neither GDB nor the stub assume that
sized memory transfers are assumed using word alligned accesses. FIXME:
A word aligned memory transfer mechanism is needed.
| |
reply ENN
| NN is errno
| |
| write mem | Maddr,length:XX...
|
Write length bytes of memory starting at address addr.
XX... is the data.
|
reply OK
| for success
| |
reply ENN
|
for an error (this includes the case where only part of the data was
written).
| |
| reserved | n
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | N
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | o
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | O
| Reserved for future use
|
| read reg (reserved) | pn...
|
See write register.
|
| return r.... | The hex encoded value of the register in target byte order.
| |
| write reg | Pn...=r...
|
Write register n... with value r..., which contains two hex
digits for each byte in the register (target byte order).
|
reply OK
| for success
| |
reply ENN
| for an error
| |
| general query | qquery
|
Request info about query. In general GDB queries
have a leading upper case letter. Custom vendor queries should use a
company prefix (in lower case) ex: qfsf.var. query may
optionally be followed by a , or ; separated list. Stubs
must ensure that they match the full query name.
|
reply XX...
| Hex encoded data from query. The reply can not be empty.
| |
reply ENN
| error reply
| |
reply | Indicating an unrecognized query.
| |
| general set | Qvar=val
|
Set value of var to val. See q for a discussing of
naming conventions.
|
| reset (deprecated) | r
|
Reset the entire system.
|
| remote restart | RXX
|
Restart the remote server. XX while needed has no clear
definition. FIXME: An example interaction explaining how this
packet is used in extended-remote mode is needed.
|
| step | saddr
|
addr is address to resume. If addr is omitted, resume at
same address.
|
| reply | see below
| |
| step with signal | Ssig;addr
|
Like C but step not continue.
|
| reply | see below
| |
| search | taddr:PP,MM
|
Search backwards starting at address addr for a match with pattern
PP and mask MM. PP and MM are 4
bytes. addr must be at least 3 digits.
|
| thread alive | TXX
| Find out if the thread XX is alive.
|
reply OK
| thread is still alive
| |
reply ENN
| thread is dead
| |
| reserved | u
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | U
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | v
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | V
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | w
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | W
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | x
| Reserved for future use
|
| write mem (binary) | Xaddr,length:XX...
|
addr is address, length is number of bytes, XX... is
binary data. The characters $, #, and 0x7d are
escaped using 0x7d.
|
reply OK
| for success
| |
reply ENN
| for an error
| |
| reserved | y
| Reserved for future use
|
| reserved | Y
| Reserved for future use
|
| remove break or watchpoint (draft) | zt,addr,length
|
See Z.
|
| insert break or watchpoint (draft) | Zt,addr,length
|
t is type: 0 - software breakpoint, 1 - hardware
breakpoint, 2 - write watchpoint, 3 - read watchpoint,
4 - access watchpoint; addr is address; length is in
bytes. For a software breakpoint, length specifies the size of
the instruction to be patched. For hardware breakpoints and watchpoints
length specifies the memory region to be monitored. To avoid
potential problems with duplicate packets, the operations should be
implemented in an idempotent way.
|
reply ENN
| for an error
| |
reply OK
| for success
| |
| If not supported.
| |
| reserved | <other> | Reserved for future use
|
The C, c, S, s and ? packets can
receive any of the below as a reply. In the case of the C,
c, S and s packets, that reply is only returned
when the target halts. In the below the exact meaning of signal
number is poorly defined. In general one of the UNIX signal numbering
conventions is used.
SAA
| AA is the signal number
|
TAAn...:r...;n...:r...;n...:r...;
|
AA = two hex digit signal number; n... = register number
(hex), r... = target byte ordered register contents, size defined
by REGISTER_RAW_SIZE; n... = thread, r... =
thread process ID, this is a hex integer; n... = other string not
starting with valid hex digit. GDB should ignore this
n..., r... pair and go on to the next. This way we can
extend the protocol.
|
WAA
|
The process exited, and AA is the exit status. This is only
applicable for certains sorts of targets.
|
XAA
|
The process terminated with signal AA.
|
NAA;t...;d...;b... (obsolete)
|
AA = signal number; t... = address of symbol "_start";
d... = base of data section; b... = base of bss section.
Note: only used by Cisco Systems targets. The difference between
this reply and the "qOffsets" query is that the 'N' packet may arrive
spontaneously whereas the 'qOffsets' is a query initiated by the host
debugger.
|
OXX...
|
XX... is hex encoding of ASCII data. This can happen at any time
while the program is running and the debugger should continue to wait
for 'W', 'T', etc.
|
The following set and query packets have already been defined.
| current thread | qC
| Return the current thread id.
|
reply QCpid
|
Where pid is a HEX encoded 16 bit process id.
| |
| reply * | Any other reply implies the old pid.
| |
| all thread ids | qfThreadInfo
| |
qsThreadInfo
|
Obtain a list of active thread ids from the target (OS). Since there
may be too many active threads to fit into one reply packet, this query
works iteratively: it may require more than one query/reply sequence to
obtain the entire list of threads. The first query of the sequence will
be the qfThreadInfo query; subsequent queries in the
sequence will be the qsThreadInfo query.
| |
NOTE: replaces the qL query (see below).
| ||
reply m<id>
| A single thread id
| |
reply m<id>,<id>...
| a comma-separated list of thread ids
| |
reply l
| (lower case 'el') denotes end of list.
| |
In response to each query, the target will reply with a list of one
or more thread ids, in big-endian hex, separated by commas. GDB will
respond to each reply with a request for more thread ids (using the
qs form of the query), until the target responds with l
(lower-case el, for 'last').
| ||
| extra thread info | qThreadExtraInfo,id
|
|
Where <id> is a thread-id in big-endian hex.
Obtain a printable string description of a thread's attributes from
the target OS. This string may contain anything that the target OS
thinks is interesting for GDB to tell the user about the thread.
The string is displayed in GDB's info threads display.
Some examples of possible thread extra info strings are "Runnable", or
"Blocked on Mutex".
| ||
| reply XX... |
Where XX... is a hex encoding of ASCII data, comprising the
printable string containing the extra information about the thread's
attributes.
| |
| query LIST or threadLIST (deprecated) | qLstartflagthreadcountnextthread
|
|
|
Obtain thread information from RTOS. Where: startflag (one hex
digit) is one to indicate the first query and zero to indicate a
subsequent query; threadcount (two hex digits) is the maximum
number of threads the response packet can contain; and nextthread
(eight hex digits), for subsequent queries (startflag is zero), is
returned in the response as argthread.
| ||
NOTE: this query is replaced by the qfThreadInfo
query (see above).
| ||
reply qMcountdoneargthreadthread...
|
| |
Where: count (two hex digits) is the number of threads being
returned; done (one hex digit) is zero to indicate more threads
and one indicates no further threads; argthreadid (eight hex
digits) is nextthread from the request packet; thread... is
a sequence of thread IDs from the target. threadid (eight hex
digits). See remote.c:parse_threadlist_response().
| ||
| compute CRC of memory block | qCRC:addr,length
|
|
reply ENN
| An error (such as memory fault)
| |
reply CCRC32
| A 32 bit cyclic redundancy check of the specified memory region.
| |
| query sect offs | qOffsets
|
Get section offsets that the target used when re-locating the downloaded
image. Note: while a Bss offset is included in the
response, GDB ignores this and instead applies the Data
offset to the Bss section.
|
reply Text=xxx;Data=yyy;Bss=zzz
| ||
| thread info request | qPmodethreadid
|
|
|
Returns information on threadid. Where: mode is a hex
encoded 32 bit mode; threadid is a hex encoded 64 bit thread ID.
| ||
| reply * |
See remote.c:remote_unpack_thread_info_response().
| |
| remote command | qRcmd,COMMAND
|
|
COMMAND (hex encoded) is passed to the local interpreter for
execution. Invalid commands should be reported using the output string.
Before the final result packet, the target may also respond with a
number of intermediate OOUTPUT console output
packets. Implementors should note that providing access to a
stubs's interpreter may have security implications.
| ||
reply OK
|
A command response with no output.
| |
| reply OUTPUT |
A command response with the hex encoded output string OUTPUT.
| |
reply ENN
|
Indicate a badly formed request.
| |
reply |
When qRcmd is not recognized.
|
The following g/G packets have previously been defined.
In the below, some thirty-two bit registers are transferred as sixty-four
bits. Those registers should be zero/sign extended (which?) to fill the
space allocated. Register bytes are transfered in target byte order.
The two nibbles within a register byte are transfered most-significant -
least-significant.
| MIPS32 |
All registers are transfered as thirty-two bit quantities in the order:
32 general-purpose; sr; lo; hi; bad; cause; pc; 32 floating-point
registers; fsr; fir; fp.
|
| MIPS64 |
All registers are transfered as sixty-four bit quantities (including
thirty-two bit registers such as sr). The ordering is the same
as MIPS32.
|
Example sequence of a target being re-started. Notice how the restart does not get any direct output:
<-R00->+target restarts <-?->+->T001:1234123412341234<-+
Example sequence of a target being stepped by a single instruction:
<-G1445...->+<-s->+time passes ->T001:1234123412341234<-+<-g->+->1455...<-+
gdbserver programgdbserver is a control program for Unix-like systems, which
allows you to connect your program with a remote GDB via
target remote--but without linking in the usual debugging stub.
gdbserver is not a complete replacement for the debugging stubs,
because it requires essentially the same operating-system facilities
that GDB itself does. In fact, a system that can run
gdbserver to connect to a remote GDB could also run
GDB locally! gdbserver is sometimes useful nevertheless,
because it is a much smaller program than GDB itself. It is
also easier to port than all of GDB, so you may be able to get
started more quickly on a new system by using gdbserver.
Finally, if you develop code for real-time systems, you may find that
the tradeoffs involved in real-time operation make it more convenient to
do as much development work as possible on another system, for example
by cross-compiling. You can use gdbserver to make a similar
choice for debugging.
GDB and gdbserver communicate via either a serial line
or a TCP connection, using the standard GDB remote serial
protocol.
gdbserver does not need your program's symbol table, so you can
strip the program if necessary to save space. GDB on the host
system does all the symbol handling.
To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with GDB; the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The syntax is:
target> gdbserver comm program [ args ... ]
comm is either a device name (to use a serial line) or a TCP
hostname and portnumber. For example, to debug Emacs with the argument
foo.txt and communicate with GDB over the serial port
/dev/com1:
target> gdbserver /dev/com1 emacs foo.txt
gdbserver waits passively for the host GDB to communicate
with it.
To use a TCP connection instead of a serial line:
target> gdbserver host:2345 emacs foo.txt
The only difference from the previous example is the first argument,
specifying that you are communicating with the host GDB via
TCP. The host:2345 argument means that gdbserver is to
expect a TCP connection from machine host to local TCP port 2345.
(Currently, the host part is ignored.) You can choose any number
you want for the port number as long as it does not conflict with any
TCP ports already in use on the target system (for example, 23 is
reserved for telnet).5 You must use the same port number with the host GDB
target remote command.
--baud option if the serial line is
running at anything other than 9600bps.) After that, use target
remote to establish communications with gdbserver. Its argument
is either a device name (usually a serial device, like
/dev/ttyb), or a TCP port descriptor in the form
host:PORT. For example:
(gdb) target remote /dev/ttyb
communicates with the server via serial line /dev/ttyb, and
(gdb) target remote the-target:2345
communicates via a TCP connection to port 2345 on host the-target.
For TCP connections, you must start up gdbserver prior to using
the target remote command. Otherwise you may get an error whose
text depends on the host system, but which usually looks something like
Connection refused.
gdbserve.nlm programgdbserve.nlm is a control program for NetWare systems, which
allows you to connect your program with a remote GDB via
target remote.
GDB and gdbserve.nlm communicate via a serial line,
using the standard GDB remote serial protocol.
gdbserve.nlm does not need your program's symbol table, so you
can strip the program if necessary to save space. GDB on the
host system does all the symbol handling.
To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with GDB; the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The syntax is:
load gdbserve [ BOARD=board ] [ PORT=port ]
[ BAUD=baud ] program [ args ... ]
board and port specify the serial line; baud specifies the baud rate used by the connection. port and node default to 0, baud defaults to 9600bps.
For example, to debug Emacs with the argument foo.txtand
communicate with GDB over serial port number 2 or board 1
using a 19200bps connection:
load gdbserve BOARD=1 PORT=2 BAUD=19200 emacs foo.txt
--baud option if the serial line is
running at anything other than 9600bps. After that, use target
remote to establish communications with gdbserve.nlm. Its
argument is a device name (usually a serial device, like
/dev/ttyb). For example:
(gdb) target remote /dev/ttyb
communications with the server via serial line /dev/ttyb.
Some targets support kernel object display. Using this facility, GDB communicates specially with the underlying operating system and can display information about operating system-level objects such as mutexes and other synchronization objects. Exactly which objects can be displayed is determined on a per-OS basis.
Use the set os command to set the operating system. This tells
GDB which kernel object display module to initialize:
(gdb) set os cisco
If set os succeeds, GDB will display some information
about the operating system, and will create a new info command
which can be used to query the target. The info command is named
after the operating system:
(gdb) info cisco List of Cisco Kernel Objects Object Description any Any and all objects
Further subcommands can be used to query about particular objects known by the kernel.
There is currently no way to determine whether a given operating system is supported other than to try it.
While nearly all GDB commands are available for all native and cross versions of the debugger, there are some exceptions. This chapter describes things that are only available in certain configurations.
There are three major categories of configurations: native configurations, where the host and target are the same, embedded operating system configurations, which are usually the same for several different processor architectures, and bare embedded processors, which are quite different from each other.
This section describes details specific to particular native configurations.
On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that begins with a dollar sign, GDB searches for a user or system name first, before it searches for a convenience variable.
Many versions of SVR4 provide a facility called /proc that can be
used to examine the image of a running process using file-system
subroutines. If GDB is configured for an operating system with
this facility, the command info proc is available to report on
several kinds of information about the process running your program.
info proc works only on SVR4 systems that include the
procfs code. This includes OSF/1 (Digital Unix), Solaris, Irix,
and Unixware, but not HP-UX or Linux, for example.
info proc
info proc mappings
info proc times
info proc id
info proc status
info proc all
This section describes configurations involving the debugging of embedded operating systems that are available for several different architectures.
target vxworks machinename
On VxWorks, load links filename dynamically on the
current target system as well as adding its symbols in GDB.
GDB enables developers to spawn and debug tasks running on networked
VxWorks targets from a Unix host. Already-running tasks spawned from
the VxWorks shell can also be debugged. GDB uses code that runs on
both the Unix host and on the VxWorks target. The program
gdb is installed and executed on the Unix host. (It may be
installed with the name vxgdb, to distinguish it from a
GDB for debugging programs on the host itself.)
VxWorks-timeout args
vxworks-timeout.
This option is set by the user, and args represents the number of
seconds GDB waits for responses to rpc's. You might use this if
your VxWorks target is a slow software simulator or is on the far side
of a thin network line.
The following information on connecting to VxWorks was current when this manual was produced; newer releases of VxWorks may use revised procedures.
To use GDB with VxWorks, you must rebuild your VxWorks kernel
to include the remote debugging interface routines in the VxWorks
library rdb.a. To do this, define INCLUDE_RDB in the
VxWorks configuration file configAll.h and rebuild your VxWorks
kernel. The resulting kernel contains rdb.a, and spawns the
source debugging task tRdbTask when VxWorks is booted. For more
information on configuring and remaking VxWorks, see the manufacturer's
manual.
Once you have included rdb.a in your VxWorks system image and set
your Unix execution search path to find GDB, you are ready to
run GDB. From your Unix host, run gdb (or
vxgdb, depending on your installation).
GDB comes up showing the prompt:
(vxgdb)
The GDB command target lets you connect to a VxWorks target on the
network. To connect to a target whose host name is "tt", type:
(vxgdb) target vxworks ttGDB displays messages like these:
Attaching remote machine across net... Connected to tt.GDB then attempts to read the symbol tables of any object modules loaded into the VxWorks target since it was last booted. GDB locates these files by searching the directories listed in the command search path (see Your program's environment); if it fails to find an object file, it displays a message such as:
prog.o: No such file or directory.
When this happens, add the appropriate directory to the search path with
the GDB command path, and execute the target
command again.
If you have connected to the VxWorks target and you want to debug an
object that has not yet been loaded, you can use the GDB
load command to download a file from Unix to VxWorks
incrementally. The object file given as an argument to the load
command is actually opened twice: first by the VxWorks target in order
to download the code, then by GDB in order to read the symbol
table. This can lead to problems if the current working directories on
the two systems differ. If both systems have NFS mounted the same
filesystems, you can avoid these problems by using absolute paths.
Otherwise, it is simplest to set the working directory on both systems
to the directory in which the object file resides, and then to reference
the file by its name, without any path. For instance, a program
prog.o may reside in vxpath/vw/demo/rdb in VxWorks
and in hostpath/vw/demo/rdb on the host. To load this
program, type this on VxWorks:
-> cd "vxpath/vw/demo/rdb"
Then, in GDB, type:
(vxgdb) cd hostpath/vw/demo/rdb (vxgdb) load prog.oGDB displays a response similar to this:
Reading symbol data from wherever/vw/demo/rdb/prog.o... done.
You can also use the load command to reload an object module
after editing and recompiling the corresponding source file. Note that
this makes GDB delete all currently-defined breakpoints,
auto-displays, and convenience variables, and to clear the value
history. (This is necessary in order to preserve the integrity of
debugger's data structures that reference the target system's symbol
table.)
You can also attach to an existing task using the attach command as
follows:
(vxgdb) attach task
where task is the VxWorks hexadecimal task ID. The task can be running or suspended when you attach to it. Running tasks are suspended at the time of attachment.
This section goes into details specific to particular embedded configurations.
target adapt dev
target amd-eb dev speed PROG
target remote;
speed allows you to specify the linespeed; and PROG is the
name of the program to be debugged, as it appears to DOS on the PC.
See EBMON protocol for AMD29K.
MONTIP, available from AMD at no charge. You can also
use GDB with the UDI-conformant a29k simulator program
ISSTIP, also available from AMD.
target udi keyword
udi_soc.
This file contains keyword entries which specify parameters used to
connect to a29k targets. If the udi_soc file is not in your
working directory, you must set the environment variable UDICONF
to its pathname.
AMD distributes a 29K development board meant to fit in a PC, together
with a DOS-hosted monitor program called EBMON. As a shorthand
term, this development system is called the "EB29K". To use
GDB from a Unix system to run programs on the EB29K board, you
must first connect a serial cable between the PC (which hosts the EB29K
board) and a serial port on the Unix system. In the following, we
assume you've hooked the cable between the PC's COM1 port and
/dev/ttya on the Unix system.
The next step is to set up the PC's port, by doing something like this in DOS on the PC:
C:\> MODE com1:9600,n,8,1,none
This example--run on an MS DOS 4.0 system--sets the PC port to 9600 bps, no parity, eight data bits, one stop bit, and no "retry" action; you must match the communications parameters when establishing the Unix end of the connection as well.
To give control of the PC to the Unix side of the serial line, type the following at the DOS console:
C:\> CTTY com1
(Later, if you wish to return control to the DOS console, you can use
the command CTTY con--but you must send it over the device that
had control, in our example over the COM1 serial line.)
From the Unix host, use a communications program such as tip or
cu to communicate with the PC; for example,
cu -s 9600 -l /dev/ttya
The cu options shown specify, respectively, the linespeed and the
serial port to use. If you use tip instead, your command line
may look something like the following:
tip -9600 /dev/ttya
Your system may require a different name where we show
/dev/ttya as the argument to tip. The communications
parameters, including which port to use, are associated with the
tip argument in the "remote" descriptions file--normally the
system table /etc/remote.
Using the tip or cu connection, change the DOS working
directory to the directory containing a copy of your 29K program, then
start the PC program EBMON (an EB29K control program supplied
with your board by AMD). You should see an initial display from
EBMON similar to the one that follows, ending with the
EBMON prompt #--
C:\> G: G:\> CD \usr\joe\work29k G:\USR\JOE\WORK29K> EBMON Am29000 PC Coprocessor Board Monitor, version 3.0-18 Copyright 1990 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Written by Gibbons and Associates, Inc. Enter '?' or 'H' for help PC Coprocessor Type = EB29K I/O Base = 0x208 Memory Base = 0xd0000 Data Memory Size = 2048KB Available I-RAM Range = 0x8000 to 0x1fffff Available D-RAM Range = 0x80002000 to 0x801fffff PageSize = 0x400 Register Stack Size = 0x800 Memory Stack Size = 0x1800 CPU PRL = 0x3 Am29027 Available = No Byte Write Available = Yes # ~.
Then exit the cu or tip program (done in the example by
typing ~. at the EBMON prompt). EBMON keeps
running, ready for GDB to take over.
For this example, we've assumed what is probably the most convenient
way to make sure the same 29K program is on both the PC and the Unix
system: a PC/NFS connection that establishes "drive G:" on the
PC as a file system on the Unix host. If you do not have PC/NFS or
something similar connecting the two systems, you must arrange some
other way--perhaps floppy-disk transfer--of getting the 29K program
from the Unix system to the PC; GDB does not download it over the
serial line.
Finally, cd to the directory containing an image of your 29K
program on the Unix system, and start GDB--specifying as argument the
name of your 29K program:
cd /usr/joe/work29k gdb myfoo
Now you can use the target command:
target amd-eb /dev/ttya 9600 MYFOO
In this example, we've assumed your program is in a file called
myfoo. Note that the filename given as the last argument to
target amd-eb should be the name of the program as it appears to DOS.
In our example this is simply MYFOO, but in general it can include
a DOS path, and depending on your transfer mechanism may not resemble
the name on the Unix side.
At this point, you can set any breakpoints you wish; when you are ready
to see your program run on the 29K board, use the GDB command
run.
To stop debugging the remote program, use the GDB detach
command.
To return control of the PC to its console, use tip or cu
once again, after your GDB session has concluded, to attach to
EBMON. You can then type the command q to shut down
EBMON, returning control to the DOS command-line interpreter.
Type CTTY con to return command input to the main DOS console,
and type ~. to leave tip or cu.
The target amd-eb command creates a file eb.log in the
current working directory, to help debug problems with the connection.
eb.log records all the output from EBMON, including echoes
of the commands sent to it. Running tail -f on this file in
another window often helps to understand trouble with EBMON, or
unexpected events on the PC side of the connection.
target rdi dev
target rdp dev
target hms dev
device and speed to control the serial
line and the communications speed used.
target e7000 dev
target sh3 dev
target sh3e dev
When you select remote debugging to a Hitachi SH, H8/300, or H8/500
board, the load command downloads your program to the Hitachi
board and also opens it as the current executable target for
GDB on your host (like the file command).
GDB needs to know these things to talk to your
Hitachi SH, H8/300, or H8/500:
target hms, the remote debugging interface
for Hitachi microprocessors, or target e7000, the in-circuit
emulator for the Hitachi SH and the Hitachi 300H. (target hms is
the default when GDB is configured specifically for the Hitachi SH,
H8/300, or H8/500.)
Use the special GDB command device port if you
need to explicitly set the serial device. The default port is the
first available port on your host. This is only necessary on Unix
hosts, where it is typically something like /dev/ttya.
GDB has another special command to set the communications
speed: speed bps. This command also is only used from Unix
hosts; on DOS hosts, set the line speed as usual from outside GDB with
the DOS mode command (for instance,
mode com2:9600,n,8,1,p for a 9600bps connection).
The device and speed commands are available only when you
use a Unix host to debug your Hitachi microprocessor programs. If you
use a DOS host,
GDB depends on an auxiliary terminate-and-stay-resident program
called asynctsr to communicate with the development board
through a PC serial port. You must also use the DOS mode command
to set up the serial port on the DOS side.
The following sample session illustrates the steps needed to start a
program under GDB control on an H8/300. The example uses a
sample H8/300 program called t.x. The procedure is the same for
the Hitachi SH and the H8/500.
First hook up your development board. In this example, we use a
board attached to serial port COM2; if you use a different serial
port, substitute its name in the argument of the mode command.
When you call asynctsr, the auxiliary comms program used by the
debugger, you give it just the numeric part of the serial port's name;
for example, asyncstr 2 below runs asyncstr on
COM2.
C:\H8300\TEST> asynctsr 2 C:\H8300\TEST> mode com2:9600,n,8,1,p Resident portion of MODE loaded COM2: 9600, n, 8, 1, p
Warning: We have noticed a bug in PC-NFS that conflicts withasynctsr. If you also run PC-NFS on your DOS host, you may need to disable it, or even boot without it, to useasynctsrto control your development board.
Now that serial communications are set up, and the development board is
connected, you can start up GDB. Call gdb with
the name of your program as the argument. GDB prompts
you, as usual, with the prompt (gdb). Use two special
commands to begin your debugging session: target hms to specify
cross-debugging to the Hitachi board, and the load command to
download your program to the board. load displays the names of
the program's sections, and a * for each 2K of data downloaded.
(If you want to refresh GDB data on symbols or on the
executable file without downloading, use the GDB commands
file or symbol-file. These commands, and load
itself, are described in Commands to specify files.)
(eg-C:\H8300\TEST) gdb t.x GDB is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB; type "show warranty" for details. GDB 5.0, Copyright 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc... (gdb) target hms Connected to remote H8/300 HMS system. (gdb) load t.x .text : 0x8000 .. 0xabde *********** .data : 0xabde .. 0xad30 * .stack : 0xf000 .. 0xf014 *
At this point, you're ready to run or debug your program. From here on,
you can use all the usual GDB commands. The break command
sets breakpoints; the run command starts your program;
print or x display data; the continue command
resumes execution after stopping at a breakpoint. You can use the
help command at any time to find out more about GDB commands.
Remember, however, that operating system facilities aren't available on your development board; for example, if your program hangs, you can't send an interrupt--but you can press the RESET switch!
Use the RESET button on the development board
In either case, GDB sees the effect of a RESET on the development board as a "normal exit" of your program.
You can use the E7000 in-circuit emulator to develop code for either the
Hitachi SH or the H8/300H. Use one of these forms of the target
e7000 command to connect GDB to your E7000:
target e7000 port speed
com2). The third argument is the line speed in bits per second
(for example, 9600).
target e7000 hostname
telnet to connect.
Some GDB commands are available only for the H8/300:
set machine h8300
set machine h8300h
set machine. You can use show machine
to check which variant is currently in effect.
set memory mod
show memory
set memory; check which memory model is in effect with show
memory. The accepted values for mod are small,
big, medium, and compact.
target mon960 dev
target nindy devicename
/dev/ttya.
Nindy is a ROM Monitor program for Intel 960 target systems. When GDB is configured to control a remote Intel 960 using Nindy, you can tell GDB how to connect to the 960 in several ways:
target command at any point during your GDB
session. See Commands for managing targets.
With the Nindy interface to an Intel 960 board, load
downloads filename to the 960 as well as adding its symbols in
GDB.
If you simply start gdb without using any command-line
options, you are prompted for what serial port to use, before you
reach the ordinary GDB prompt:
Attach /dev/ttyNN -- specify NN, or "quit" to quit:
Respond to the prompt with whatever suffix (after /dev/tty)
identifies the serial port you want to use. You can, if you choose,
simply start up with no Nindy connection by responding to the prompt
with an empty line. If you do this and later wish to attach to Nindy,
use target (see Commands for managing targets).
These are the startup options for beginning your GDB session with a Nindy-960 board attached:
-r port
-r /dev/ttya), a
device name in /dev (e.g. -r ttya), or simply the unique
suffix for a specific tty (e.g. -r a).
-O
Warning: if you specify -O, but are actually trying to
connect to a target system that expects the newer protocol, the connection
fails, appearing to be a speed mismatch. GDB repeatedly
attempts to reconnect at several different line speeds. You can abort
this process with an interrupt.
-brk
BREAK signal to the target
system, in an attempt to reset it, before connecting to a Nindy target.
Warning: Many target systems do not have the hardware that this requires; it only works with a few boards.
The standard -b option controls the line speed used on the serial
port.
reset
target m32r dev
The Motorola m68k configuration includes ColdFire support, and target command for the following ROM monitors.
target abug dev
target cpu32bug dev
target dbug dev
target est dev
target rom68k dev
If GDB is configured with m68*-ericsson-*, it will
instead have only a single special target command:
target es1800 dev
[context?]
target rombug dev
target bug dev
--target=mips-idt-ecoff.
Use these GDB commands to specify the connection to your target board:
target mips port
gdb with the
name of your program as the argument. To connect to the board, use the
command target mips port, where port is the name of
the serial port connected to the board. If the program has not already
been downloaded to the board, you may use the load command to
download it. You can then use all the usual GDB commands.
For example, this sequence connects to the target board through a serial port, and loads and runs a program called prog through the debugger:
host$ gdb prog GDB is free software and ... (gdb) target mips /dev/ttyb (gdb) load prog (gdb) run
target mips hostname:portnumber
hostname:portnumber.
target pmon port
target ddb port
target lsi port
target r3900 dev
target array dev
set processor args
show processor
set processor command to set the type of MIPS
processor when you want to access processor-type-specific registers.
For example, set processor r3041 tells GDB
to use the CPO registers appropriate for the 3041 chip.
Use the show processor command to see what MIPS processor GDB
is using. Use the info reg command to see what registers
GDB is using.
set mipsfpu double
set mipsfpu single
set mipsfpu none
show mipsfpu
set mipsfpu none (if you
need this, you may wish to put the command in your GDB init
file). This tells GDB how to find the return value of
functions which return floating point values. It also allows
GDB to avoid saving the floating point registers when calling
functions on the board. If you are using a floating point coprocessor
with only single precision floating point support, as on the R4650
processor, use the command set mipsfpu single. The default
double precision floating point coprocessor may be selected using
set mipsfpu double.
In previous versions the only choices were double precision or no
floating point, so set mipsfpu on will select double precision
and set mipsfpu off will select no floating point.
As usual, you can inquire about the mipsfpu variable with
show mipsfpu.
set remotedebug n
show remotedebug
remotedebug variable. If you set it to 1 using
set remotedebug 1, every packet is displayed. If you set it
to 2, every character is displayed. You can check the current value
at any time with the command show remotedebug.
set timeout seconds
set retransmit-timeout seconds
show timeout
show retransmit-timeout
set timeout seconds command. The
default is 5 seconds. Similarly, you can control the timeout used while
waiting for an acknowledgement of a packet with the set
retransmit-timeout seconds command. The default is 3 seconds.
You can inspect both values with show timeout and show
retransmit-timeout. (These commands are only available when
GDB is configured for --target=mips-idt-ecoff.)
The timeout set by set timeout does not apply when GDB
is waiting for your program to stop. In that case, GDB waits
forever because it has no way of knowing how long the program is going
to run before stopping.
target dink32 dev
target ppcbug dev
target ppcbug1 dev
target sds dev
target op50n dev
target w89k dev
target hms dev
device and speed to control the serial line and
the communications speed used.
target e7000 dev
target sh3 dev
target sh3e dev
gdb is installed and executed on the Unix host.
remotetimeout args
remotetimeout.
This option is set by the user, and args represents the number of
seconds GDB waits for responses.
When compiling for debugging, include the options -g to get debug
information and -Ttext to relocate the program to where you wish to
load it on the target. You may also want to add the options -n or
-N in order to reduce the size of the sections. Example:
sparclet-aout-gcc prog.c -Ttext 0x12010000 -g -o prog -N
You can use objdump to verify that the addresses are what you intended:
sparclet-aout-objdump --headers --syms prog
Once you have set
your Unix execution search path to find GDB, you are ready to
run GDB. From your Unix host, run gdb
(or sparclet-aout-gdb, depending on your installation).
GDB comes up showing the prompt:
(gdbslet)
The GDB command file lets you choose with program to debug.
(gdbslet) file progGDB then attempts to read the symbol table of
prog.
GDB locates
the file by searching the directories listed in the command search
path.
If the file was compiled with debug information (option "-g"), source
files will be searched as well.
GDB locates
the source files by searching the directories listed in the directory search
path (see Your program's environment).
If it fails
to find a file, it displays a message such as:
prog: No such file or directory.
When this happens, add the appropriate directories to the search paths with
the GDB commands path and dir, and execute the
target command again.
The GDB command target lets you connect to a Sparclet target.
To connect to a target on serial port "ttya", type:
(gdbslet) target sparclet /dev/ttya Remote target sparclet connected to /dev/ttya main () at ../prog.c:3GDB displays messages like these:
Connected to ttya.
Once connected to the Sparclet target,
you can use the GDB
load command to download the file from the host to the target.
The file name and load offset should be given as arguments to the load
command.
Since the file format is aout, the program must be loaded to the starting
address. You can use objdump to find out what this value is. The load
offset is an offset which is added to the VMA (virtual memory address)
of each of the file's sections.
For instance, if the program
prog was linked to text address 0x1201000, with data at 0x12010160
and bss at 0x12010170, in GDB, type:
(gdbslet) load prog 0x12010000 Loading section .text, size 0xdb0 vma 0x12010000
If the code is loaded at a different address then what the program was linked
to, you may need to use the section and add-symbol-file commands
to tell GDB where to map the symbol table.
You can now begin debugging the task using GDB's execution control
commands, b, step, run, etc. See the GDB
manual for the list of commands.
(gdbslet) b main Breakpoint 1 at 0x12010000: file prog.c, line 3. (gdbslet) run Starting program: prog Breakpoint 1, main (argc=1, argv=0xeffff21c) at prog.c:3 3 char *symarg = 0; (gdbslet) step 4 char *execarg = "hello!"; (gdbslet)
target sparclite dev
To connect your ST2000 to the host system, see the manufacturer's manual. Once the ST2000 is physically attached, you can run:
target st2000 dev speed
to establish it as your debugging environment. dev is normally
the name of a serial device, such as /dev/ttya, connected to the
ST2000 via a serial line. You can instead specify dev as a TCP
connection (for example, to a serial line attached via a terminal
concentrator) using the syntax hostname:portnumber.
The load and attach commands are not defined for
this target; you must load your program into the ST2000 as you normally
would for standalone operation. GDB reads debugging information
(such as symbols) from a separate, debugging version of the program
available on your host computer.
These auxiliary GDB commands are available to help you with the ST2000 environment:
st2000 command
connect
When configured for debugging Zilog Z8000 targets, GDB includes a Z8000 simulator.
For the Z8000 family, target sim simulates either the Z8002 (the
unsegmented variant of the Z8000 architecture) or the Z8001 (the
segmented variant). The simulator recognizes which architecture is
appropriate by inspecting the object code.
target sim args
After specifying this target, you can debug programs for the simulated
CPU in the same style as programs for your host computer; use the
file command to load a new program image, the run command
to run your program, and so on.
As well as making available all the usual machine registers (see Registers), the Z8000 simulator provides three additional items of information as specially named registers:
cycles
insts
time
You can refer to these values in GDB expressions with the usual
conventions; for example, b fputc if $cycles>5000 sets a
conditional breakpoint that suspends only after at least 5000
simulated clock ticks.
This section describes characteristics of architectures that affect all uses of GDB with the architecture, both native and cross.
set rstack_high_address address
set rstack_high_address command. The argument should be an
address, which you probably want to precede with 0x to specify in
hexadecimal.
show rstack_high_address
See the following section.
Alpha- and MIPS-based computers use an unusual stack frame, which sometimes requires GDB to search backward in the object code to find the beginning of a function.
To improve response time (especially for embedded applications, where GDB may be restricted to a slow serial line for this search) you may want to limit the size of this search, using one of these commands:
set heuristic-fence-post limit
heuristic-fence-post must search
and therefore the longer it takes to run.
show heuristic-fence-post
These commands are available only when GDB is configured for debugging programs on Alpha or MIPS processors.
You can alter the way GDB interacts with you by using the
set command. For commands controlling how GDB displays
data, see Print settings. Other settings are
described here.
(gdb). You
can change the prompt string with the set prompt command. For
instance, when debugging GDB with GDB, it is useful to change
the prompt in one of the GDB sessions so that you can always tell
which one you are talking to.
Note: set prompt does not add a space for you after the
prompt you set. This allows you to set a prompt which ends in a space
or a prompt that does not.
set prompt newprompt
show prompt
Gdb's prompt is: your-prompt
csh-like history
substitution, and a storage and recall of command history across
debugging sessions.
You may control the behavior of command line editing in GDB with the
command set.
set editing
set editing on
set editing off
show editing
set history filename fname
GDBHISTFILE, or to
./.gdb_history (./_gdb_history on MS-DOS) if this variable
is not set.
set history save
set history save on
set history filename command. By default, this option is disabled.
set history save off
set history size size
HISTSIZE, or to 256 if this variable is not set.
History expansion assigns special meaning to the character !.
Since ! is also the logical not operator in C, history expansion
is off by default. If you decide to enable history expansion with the
set history expansion on command, you may sometimes need to
follow ! (when it is used as logical not, in an expression) with
a space or a tab to prevent it from being expanded. The readline
history facilities do not attempt substitution on the strings
!= and !(, even when history expansion is enabled.
The commands to control history expansion are:
set history expansion on
set history expansion
set history expansion off
The readline code comes with more complete documentation of
editing and history expansion features. Users unfamiliar with GNU Emacs
or vi may wish to read it.
show history
show history filename
show history save
show history size
show history expansion
show history by itself displays all four states.
show commands
show commands n
show commands +
Certain commands to GDB may produce large amounts of information output to the screen. To help you read all of it, GDB pauses and asks you for input at the end of each page of output. Type <RET> when you want to continue the output, or q to discard the remaining output. Also, the screen width setting determines when to wrap lines of output. Depending on what is being printed, GDB tries to break the line at a readable place, rather than simply letting it overflow onto the following line.
Normally GDB knows the size of the screen from the terminal
driver software. For example, on Unix GDB uses the termcap data base
together with the value of the TERM environment variable and the
stty rows and stty cols settings. If this is not correct,
you can override it with the set height and set
width commands:
set height lpp
show height
set width cpl
show width
set commands specify a screen height of lpp lines and
a screen width of cpl characters. The associated show
commands display the current settings.
If you specify a height of zero lines, GDB does not pause during output no matter how long the output is. This is useful if output is to a file or to an editor buffer.
Likewise, you can specify set width 0 to prevent GDB
from wrapping its output.
You can always enter numbers in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal in
GDB by the usual conventions: octal numbers begin with
0, decimal numbers end with ., and hexadecimal numbers
begin with 0x. Numbers that begin with none of these are, by
default, entered in base 10; likewise, the default display for
numbers--when no particular format is specified--is base 10. You can
change the default base for both input and output with the set
radix command.
set input-radix base
set radix 012 set radix 10. set radix 0xa
sets the base to decimal. On the other hand, set radix 10
leaves the radix unchanged no matter what it was.
set output-radix base
show input-radix
show output-radix
By default, GDB is silent about its inner workings. If you are
running on a slow machine, you may want to use the set verbose
command. This makes GDB tell you when it does a lengthy
internal operation, so you will not think it has crashed.
Currently, the messages controlled by set verbose are those
which announce that the symbol table for a source file is being read;
see symbol-file in Commands to specify files.
set verbose on
set verbose off
show verbose
set verbose is on or off.
By default, if GDB encounters bugs in the symbol table of an object file, it is silent; but if you are debugging a compiler, you may find this information useful (see Errors reading symbol files).
set complaints limit
show complaints
By default, GDB is cautious, and asks what sometimes seems to be a lot of stupid questions to confirm certain commands. For example, if you try to run a program which is already running:
(gdb) run The program being debugged has been started already. Start it from the beginning? (y or n)
If you are willing to unflinchingly face the consequences of your own commands, you can disable this "feature":
set confirm off
set confirm on
show confirm
set debug arch
show debug arch
set debug event
show debug event
set debug expression
show debug expression
set debug overload
show debug overload
set debug remote
show debug remote
set debug serial
show debug serial
set debug target
show debug target
set debug varobj
show debug varobj
Aside from breakpoint commands (see Breakpoint command lists), GDB provides two ways to store sequences of commands for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command files.
A user-defined command is a sequence of GDB commands to
which you assign a new name as a command. This is done with the
define command. User commands may accept up to 10 arguments
separated by whitespace. Arguments are accessed within the user command
via $arg0...$arg9. A trivial example:
define adder print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2
To execute the command use:
adder 1 2 3
This defines the command adder, which prints the sum of
its three arguments. Note the arguments are text substitutions, so they may
reference variables, use complex expressions, or even perform inferior
functions calls.
define commandname
The definition of the command is made up of other GDB command lines,
which are given following the define command. The end of these
commands is marked by a line containing end.
if
else, followed
by a series of commands that are only executed if the expression
was false. The end of the list is marked by a line containing end.
while
if: the command takes a single argument,
which is an expression to evaluate, and must be followed by the commands to
execute, one per line, terminated by an end.
The commands are executed repeatedly as long as the expression
evaluates to true.
document commandname
help. The command commandname must already be
defined. This command reads lines of documentation just as define
reads the lines of the command definition, ending with end.
After the document command is finished, help on command
commandname displays the documentation you have written.
You may use the document command again to change the
documentation of a command. Redefining the command with define
does not change the documentation.
help user-defined
show user
show user commandname
When user-defined commands are executed, the commands of the definition are not printed. An error in any command stops execution of the user-defined command.
If used interactively, commands that would ask for confirmation proceed without asking when used inside a user-defined command. Many GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when used in a user-defined command.
You may define hooks, which are a special kind of user-defined
command. Whenever you run the command foo, if the user-defined
command hook-foo exists, it is executed (with no arguments)
before that command.
In addition, a pseudo-command, stop exists. Defining
(hook-stop) makes the associated commands execute every time
execution stops in your program: before breakpoint commands are run,
displays are printed, or the stack frame is printed.
For example, to ignore SIGALRM signals while
single-stepping, but treat them normally during normal execution,
you could define:
define hook-stop handle SIGALRM nopass end define hook-run handle SIGALRM pass end define hook-continue handle SIGLARM pass end
You can define a hook for any single-word command in GDB, but
not for command aliases; you should define a hook for the basic command
name, e.g. backtrace rather than bt.
If an error occurs during the execution of your hook, execution of
GDB commands stops and GDB issues a prompt
(before the command that you actually typed had a chance to run).
If you try to define a hook which does not match any known command, you
get a warning from the define command.
A command file for GDB is a file of lines that are GDB commands. Comments (lines starting with #) may also be included. An empty line in a command file does nothing; it does not mean to repeat the last command, as it would from the terminal.
When you start GDB, it automatically executes commands from its
init files. These are files named .gdbinit on Unix, or
gdb.ini on DOS/Windows. GDB reads the init file (if
any) in your home directory6, then processes command line options and operands, and then
reads the init file (if any) in the current working directory. This is
so the init file in your home directory can set options (such as
set complaints) which affect the processing of the command line
options and operands. The init files are not executed if you use the
-nx option; see Choosing modes.
On some configurations of GDB, the init file is known by a different name (these are typically environments where a specialized form of GDB may need to coexist with other forms, hence a different name for the specialized version's init file). These are the environments with special init file names:
.vxgdbinit
.os68gdbinit
.esgdbinit
You can also request the execution of a command file with the
source command:
source filename
The lines in a command file are executed sequentially. They are not printed as they are executed. An error in any command terminates execution of the command file.
Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed without asking when used in a command file. Many GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when called from command files.
During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, normal GDB output is suppressed; the only output that appears is what is explicitly printed by the commands in the definition. This section describes three commands useful for generating exactly the output you want.
echo text
\n to print a
newline. No newline is printed unless you specify one.
In addition to the standard C escape sequences, a backslash followed
by a space stands for a space. This is useful for displaying a
string with spaces at the beginning or the end, since leading and
trailing spaces are otherwise trimmed from all arguments.
To print and foo = , use the command
echo \ and foo = \ .
A backslash at the end of text can be used, as in C, to continue the command onto subsequent lines. For example,
echo This is some text\n\ which is continued\n\ onto several lines.\n
produces the same output as
echo This is some text\n echo which is continued\n echo onto several lines.\n
output expression
$nn = . The value is not entered in the
value history either. See Expressions, for more information
on expressions.
output/fmt expression
print. See Output formats, for more information.
printf string, expressions...
printf (string, expressions...);
For example, you can print two values in hex like this:
printf "foo, bar-foo = 0x%x, 0x%x\n", foo, bar-foo
The only backslash-escape sequences that you can use in the format string are the simple ones that consist of backslash followed by a letter.
A special interface allows you to use GNU Emacs to view (and edit) the source files for the program you are debugging with GDB.
To use this interface, use the command M-x gdb in Emacs. Give the executable file you want to debug as an argument. This command starts GDB as a subprocess of Emacs, with input and output through a newly created Emacs buffer.
Using GDB under Emacs is just like using GDB normally except for two things:
This applies both to GDB commands and their output, and to the input and output done by the program you are debugging.
This is useful because it means that you can copy the text of previous commands and input them again; you can even use parts of the output in this way.
All the facilities of Emacs' Shell mode are available for interacting with your program. In particular, you can send signals the usual way--for example, C-c C-c for an interrupt, C-c C-z for a stop.
Each time GDB displays a stack frame, Emacs automatically finds the
source file for that frame and puts an arrow (=>) at the
left margin of the current line. Emacs uses a separate buffer for
source display, and splits the screen to show both your GDB session
and the source.
Explicit GDB list or search commands still produce output as
usual, but you probably have no reason to use them from Emacs.
Warning: If the directory where your program resides is not your current directory, it can be easy to confuse Emacs about the location of the source files, in which case the auxiliary display buffer does not appear to show your source. GDB can find programs by searching your environment'sPATHvariable, so the GDB input and output session proceeds normally; but Emacs does not get enough information back from GDB to locate the source files in this situation. To avoid this problem, either start GDB mode from the directory where your program resides, or specify an absolute file name when prompted for the M-x gdb argument.A similar confusion can result if you use the GDB
filecommand to switch to debugging a program in some other location, from an existing GDB buffer in Emacs.
By default, M-x gdb calls the program called gdb. If
you need to call GDB by a different name (for example, if you keep
several configurations around, with different names) you can set the
Emacs variable gdb-command-name; for example,
(setq gdb-command-name "mygdb")
(preceded by M-: or ESC :, or typed in the *scratch* buffer, or
in your .emacs file) makes Emacs call the program named
"mygdb" instead.
In the GDB I/O buffer, you can use these special Emacs commands in addition to the standard Shell mode commands:
step command; also
update the display window to show the current file and location.
next command. Then update the display window
to show the current file and location.
stepi command; update
display window accordingly.
nexti command; update
display window accordingly.
finish command.
continue
command.
Warning: In Emacs v19, this command is C-c C-p.
up command.
Warning: In Emacs v19, this command is C-c C-u.
down command.
Warning: In Emacs v19, this command is C-c C-d.
disassemble by typing C-x &.
You can customize this further by defining elements of the list
gdb-print-command; once it is defined, you can format or
otherwise process numbers picked up by C-x & before they are
inserted. A numeric argument to C-x & indicates that you
wish special formatting, and also acts as an index to pick an element of the
list. If the list element is a string, the number to be inserted is
formatted using the Emacs function format; otherwise the number
is passed as an argument to the corresponding list element.
In any source file, the Emacs command C-x SPC (gdb-break)
tells GDB to set a breakpoint on the source line point is on.
If you accidentally delete the source-display buffer, an easy way to get
it back is to type the command f in the GDB buffer, to
request a frame display; when you run under Emacs, this recreates
the source buffer if necessary to show you the context of the current
frame.
The source files displayed in Emacs are in ordinary Emacs buffers which are visiting the source files in the usual way. You can edit the files with these buffers if you wish; but keep in mind that GDB communicates with Emacs in terms of line numbers. If you add or delete lines from the text, the line numbers that GDB knows cease to correspond properly with the code.
This chapter describes annotations in GDB. Annotations are designed to interface GDB to graphical user interfaces or other similar programs which want to interact with GDB at a relatively high level.
To produce annotations, start GDB with the --annotate=2 option.
Annotations start with a newline character, two control-z
characters, and the name of the annotation. If there is no additional
information associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation
is followed immediately by a newline. If there is additional
information, the name of the annotation is followed by a space, the
additional information, and a newline. The additional information
cannot contain newline characters.
Any output not beginning with a newline and two control-z
characters denotes literal output from GDB. Currently there is
no need for GDB to output a newline followed by two
control-z characters, but if there was such a need, the
annotations could be extended with an escape annotation which
means those three characters as output.
A simple example of starting up GDB with annotations is:
$ gdb --annotate=2 GNU GDB 5.0 Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "sparc-sun-sunos4.1.3" ^Z^Zpre-prompt (gdb) ^Z^Zprompt quit ^Z^Zpost-prompt $
Here quit is input to GDB; the rest is output from
GDB. The three lines beginning ^Z^Z (where ^Z
denotes a control-z character) are annotations; the rest is
output from GDB.
To issue a command to GDB without affecting certain aspects of
the state which is seen by users, prefix it with server . This
means that this command will not affect the command history, nor will it
affect GDB's notion of which command to repeat if <RET> is
pressed on a line by itself.
The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value
history; to print a value without recording it into the value history,
use the output command instead of the print command.
When a value is printed in various contexts, GDB uses annotations to delimit the value from the surrounding text.
If a value is printed using print and added to the value history,
the annotation looks like
^Z^Zvalue-history-begin history-number value-flags history-string ^Z^Zvalue-history-value the-value ^Z^Zvalue-history-end
where history-number is the number it is getting in the value
history, history-string is a string, such as $5 = , which
introduces the value to the user, the-value is the output
corresponding to the value itself, and value-flags is * for
a value which can be dereferenced and - for a value which cannot.
If the value is not added to the value history (it is an invalid float
or it is printed with the output command), the annotation is similar:
^Z^Zvalue-begin value-flags the-value ^Z^Zvalue-end
When GDB prints an argument to a function (for example, in the output
from the backtrace command), it annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zarg-begin argument-name ^Z^Zarg-name-end separator-string ^Z^Zarg-value value-flags the-value ^Z^Zarg-end
where argument-name is the name of the argument,
separator-string is text which separates the name from the value
for the user's benefit (such as =), and value-flags and
the-value have the same meanings as in a
value-history-begin annotation.
When printing a structure, GDB annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zfield-begin value-flags field-name ^Z^Zfield-name-end separator-string ^Z^Zfield-value the-value ^Z^Zfield-end
where field-name is the name of the field, separator-string
is text which separates the name from the value for the user's benefit
(such as =), and value-flags and the-value have the
same meanings as in a value-history-begin annotation.
When printing an array, GDB annotates it as follows:
^Z^Zarray-section-begin array-index value-flags
where array-index is the index of the first element being
annotated and value-flags has the same meaning as in a
value-history-begin annotation. This is followed by any number
of elements, where is element can be either a single element:
, whitespace ; omitted for the first element
the-value
^Z^Zelt
or a repeated element
, whitespace ; omitted for the first element
the-value
^Z^Zelt-rep number-of-repititions
repetition-string
^Z^Zelt-rep-end
In both cases, the-value is the output for the value of the element and whitespace can contain spaces, tabs, and newlines. In the repeated case, number-of-repititons is the number of consecutive array elements which contain that value, and repetition-string is a string which is designed to convey to the user that repitition is being depicted.
Once all the array elements have been output, the array annotation is ended with
^Z^Zarray-section-end
Whenever GDB prints a frame, it annotates it. For example, this applies
to frames printed when GDB stops, output from commands such as
backtrace or up, etc.
The frame annotation begins with
^Z^Zframe-begin level address level-string
where level is the number of the frame (0 is the innermost frame,
and other frames have positive numbers), address is the address of
the code executing in that frame, and level-string is a string
designed to convey the level to the user. address is in the form
0x followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this
does not depend on the language). The frame ends with
^Z^Zframe-end
Between these annotations is the main body of the frame, which can consist of
^Z^Zfunction-call function-call-string
where function-call-string is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with a function call made by GDB to a function in the program being debugged.
^Z^Zsignal-handler-caller signal-handler-caller-string
where signal-handler-caller-string is text designed to convey to the user that this frame is associated with whatever mechanism is used by this operating system to call a signal handler (it is the frame which calls the signal handler, not the frame for the signal handler itself).
This can optionally (depending on whether this is thought of as interesting information for the user to see) begin with
^Z^Zframe-address address ^Z^Zframe-address-end separator-string
where address is the address executing in the frame (the same
address as in the frame-begin annotation, but printed in a form
which is intended for user consumption--in particular, the syntax varies
depending on the language), and separator-string is a string
intended to separate this address from what follows for the user's
benefit.
Then comes
^Z^Zframe-function-name function-name ^Z^Zframe-args arguments
where function-name is the name of the function executing in the
frame, or ?? if not known, and arguments are the arguments
to the frame, with parentheses around them (each argument is annotated
individually as well, see Value Annotations).
If source information is available, a reference to it is then printed:
^Z^Zframe-source-begin source-intro-string ^Z^Zframe-source-file filename ^Z^Zframe-source-file-end : ^Z^Zframe-source-line line-number ^Z^Zframe-source-end
where source-intro-string separates for the user's benefit the reference from the text which precedes it, filename is the name of the source file, and line-number is the line number within that file (the first line is line 1).
If GDB prints some information about where the frame is from (which library, which load segment, etc.; currently only done on the RS/6000), it is annotated with
^Z^Zframe-where information
Then, if source is to actually be displayed for this frame (for example,
this is not true for output from the backtrace command), then a
source annotation (see Source Annotations) is displayed. Unlike
most annotations, this is output instead of the normal text which would be
output, not in addition.
When GDB is told to display something using the display command,
the results of the display are annotated:
^Z^Zdisplay-begin number ^Z^Zdisplay-number-end number-separator ^Z^Zdisplay-format format ^Z^Zdisplay-expression expression ^Z^Zdisplay-expression-end expression-separator ^Z^Zdisplay-value value ^Z^Zdisplay-end
where number is the number of the display, number-separator is intended to separate the number from what follows for the user, format includes information such as the size, format, or other information about how the value is being displayed, expression is the expression being displayed, expression-separator is intended to separate the expression from the text that follows for the user, and value is the actual value being displayed.
When GDB prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible to know when to send output, when the output from a given command is over, etc.
Different kinds of input each have a different input type. Each
input type has three annotations: a pre- annotation, which
denotes the beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain
annotation, which denotes the end of the prompt, and then a post-
annotation which denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be
associated with the input. For example, the prompt input type
features the following annotations:
^Z^Zpre-prompt ^Z^Zprompt ^Z^Zpost-prompt
The input types are
prompt
commands
commands
command. The annotations are repeated for each command which is input.
overload-choice
query
prompt-for-continue
set height 0 to disable
prompting. This is because the counting of lines is buggy in the
presence of annotations.
^Z^Zquit
This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an interrupt.
^Z^Zerror
This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an error.
Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which GDB was
in the middle of may end abruptly. For example, if a
value-history-begin annotation is followed by a error, one
cannot expect to receive the matching value-history-end. One
cannot expect not to receive it either, however; an error annotation
does not necessarily mean that GDB is immediately returning all the way
to the top level.
A quit or error annotation may be preceded by
^Z^Zerror-begin
Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error message.
Warning messages are not yet annotated.
The output from the info breakpoints command is annotated as follows:
^Z^Zbreakpoints-headers header-entry ^Z^Zbreakpoints-table
where header-entry has the same syntax as an entry (see below) but instead of containing data, it contains strings which are intended to convey the meaning of each field to the user. This is followed by any number of entries. If a field does not apply for this entry, it is omitted. Fields may contain trailing whitespace. Each entry consists of:
^Z^Zrecord ^Z^Zfield 0 number ^Z^Zfield 1 type ^Z^Zfield 2 disposition ^Z^Zfield 3 enable ^Z^Zfield 4 address ^Z^Zfield 5 what ^Z^Zfield 6 frame ^Z^Zfield 7 condition ^Z^Zfield 8 ignore-count ^Z^Zfield 9 commands
Note that address is intended for user consumption--the syntax varies depending on the language.
The output ends with
^Z^Zbreakpoints-table-end
The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have changed.
^Z^Zframes-invalid
backtrace command) may
have changed.
^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid
When the program starts executing due to a GDB command such as
step or continue,
^Z^Zstarting
is output. When the program stops,
^Z^Zstopped
is output. Before the stopped annotation, a variety of
annotations describe how the program stopped.
^Z^Zexited exit-status
^Z^Zsignalled
^Z^Zsignalled, the
annotation continues:
intro-text ^Z^Zsignal-name name ^Z^Zsignal-name-end middle-text ^Z^Zsignal-string string ^Z^Zsignal-string-end end-text
where name is the name of the signal, such as SIGILL or
SIGSEGV, and string is the explanation of the signal, such
as Illegal Instruction or Segmentation fault.
intro-text, middle-text, and end-text are for the
user's benefit and have no particular format.
^Z^Zsignal
signalled, but GDB is
just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was
terminated with it.
^Z^Zbreakpoint number
^Z^Zwatchpoint number
The following annotation is used instead of displaying source code:
^Z^Zsource filename:line:character:middle:addr
where filename is an absolute file name indicating which source
file, line is the line number within that file (where 1 is the
first line in the file), character is the character position
within the file (where 0 is the first character in the file) (for most
debug formats this will necessarily point to the beginning of a line),
middle is middle if addr is in the middle of the
line, or beg if addr is at the beginning of the line, and
addr is the address in the target program associated with the
source which is being displayed. addr is in the form 0x
followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not
depend on the language).
- target-invalid
the target might have changed (registers, heap contents, or
execution status). For performance, we might eventually want
to hit `registers-invalid' and `all-registers-invalid' with
greater precision
- systematic annotation for set/show parameters (including
invalidation notices).
- similarly, `info' returns a list of candidates for invalidation
notices.
GDB/MI is a line based machine oriented text interface to GDB. It is specifically intended to support the development of systems which use the debugger as just one small component of a larger system.
This chapter is a specification of the GDB/MI interface. It is written in the form of a reference manual.
Note that GDB/MI is still under construction, so some of the features described below are incomplete and subject to change.
This chapter uses the following notation:
| separates two alternatives.
[ something ] indicates that something is optional:
it may or may not be given.
( group )* means that group inside the parentheses
may repeat zero or more times.
( group )+ means that group inside the parentheses
may repeat one or more times.
"string" means a literal string.
In alphabetic order: Andrew Cagney, Fernando Nasser, Stan Shebs and Elena Zannoni.
command ==>
cli-command | mi-command
cli-command ==>
[ token ] cli-command nl, where
cli-command is any existing GDB CLI command.
mi-command ==>
[ token ] "-" operation ( " " option )*
[ " --" ] ( " " parameter )* nl
token ==>
"any sequence of digits"
option ==>
"-" parameter [ " " parameter ]
parameter ==>
non-blank-sequence | c-string
operation ==>
non-blank-sequence ==>
c-string ==>
""" seven-bit-iso-c-string-content """
nl ==>
CR | CR-LF
Notes:
token, when present, is passed back when the command
finishes.
- (dash) and may be
followed by an optional argument parameter. Options occur first in the
parameter list and can be delimited from normal parameters using
-- (this is useful when some parameters begin with a dash).
Pragmatics:
The output from GDB/MI consists of zero or more out-of-band records
followed, optionally, by a single result record. This result record
is for the most recent command. The sequence of output records is
terminated by (gdb).
If an input command was prefixed with a token then the
corresponding output for that command will also be prefixed by that same
token.
output ==>
( out-of-band-record )* [ result-record ] "(gdb)" nl
result-record ==>
[ token ] "^" result-class ( "," result )* nl
out-of-band-record ==>
async-record | stream-record
async-record ==>
exec-async-output | status-async-output | notify-async-output
exec-async-output ==>
[ token ] "*" async-output
status-async-output ==>
[ token ] "+" async-output
notify-async-output ==>
[ token ] "=" async-output
async-output ==>
async-class ( "," result )* nl
result-class ==>
"done" | "running" | "connected" | "error" | "exit"
async-class ==>
"stopped" | others (where others will be added
depending on the needs--this is still in development).
result ==>
[ string "=" ] value
value ==>
const | "{" result ( "," result )* "}"
const ==>
c-string
stream-record ==>
console-stream-output | target-stream-output | log-stream-output
console-stream-output ==>
"~" c-string
target-stream-output ==>
"@" c-string
log-stream-output ==>
"&" c-string
nl ==>
CR | CR-LF
token ==>
In addition, the following are still being developed:
query
Notes:
token is from the corresponding request. If an execution
command is interrupted by the -exec-interrupt command, the
token associated with the `*stopped' message is the one of the
original execution command, not the one of the interrupt-command.
+.
*.
=.
~.
@.
&.
See GDB/MI Stream Records, for more details about the various output records.
See GDB/MI Draft Changes to Output Syntax, for proposed revisions to the current output syntax.
This subsection presents several simple examples of interaction using
the GDB/MI interface. In these examples, -> means that the
following line is passed to GDB/MI as input, while <- means
the output received from GDB/MI.
Here's an example of stopping the inferior process:
-> -stop <- (gdb)
and later:
<- *stop,reason="stop",address="0x123",source="a.c:123" <- (gdb)
Here's an example of a simple CLI command being passed through GDB/MI and on to the CLI.
-> print 1+2 <- ~3\n <- (gdb)
-> -symbol-file xyz.exe <- *breakpoint,nr="3",address="0x123",source="a.c:123" <- (gdb)
Here's what happens if you pass a non-existent command:
-> -rubbish <- error,"Rubbish not found" <- (gdb)
To help users familiar with GDB's existing CLI interface, GDB/MI accepts existing CLI commands. As specified by the syntax, such commands can be directly entered into the GDB/MI interface and GDB will respond.
This mechanism is provided as an aid to developers of GDB/MI clients and not as a reliable interface into the CLI. Since the command is being interpreteted in an environment that assumes GDB/MI behaviour, the exact output of such commands is likely to end up being an un-supported hybrid of GDB/MI and CLI output.
In addition to a number of out-of-band notifications, the response to a GDB/MI command includes one of the following result indications:
"^done" [ "," results ]
results is the return
value.
"^running"
"^error" "," c-string
c-string contains the corresponding
error message.
GDB internally maintains a number of output streams: the console, the target, and the log. The output intended for each of these streams is funneled through the GDB/MI interface using stream records.
Each stream record begins with a unique prefix character which
identifies its stream (see GDB/MI Output Syntax). In addition to the prefix, each stream record contains a
string-output. This is either raw text (with an implicit new
line) or a quoted C string (which does not contain an implicit newline).
"~" string-output
"@" string-output
"&" string-output
Out-of-band records are used to notify the GDB/MI client of additional changes that have occurred. Those changes can either be a consequence of GDB/MI (e.g., a breakpoint modified) or a result of target activity (e.g., target stopped).
The following is a preliminary list of possible out-of-band records.
"*" "stop"
The remaining sections describe blocks of commands. Each block of commands is laid out in a fashion similar to this chapter.
Note the the line breaks shown in the examples are here only for readability. They don't appear in the real output. Also note that the commands with a non-available example (N.A.) are not yet implemented.
The motivation for this collection of commands
A brief introduction to this collection of commands as a whole.
For each command in the block, the following is described:
-command args...
The corresponding GDB CLI command.
This section documents GDB/MI commands for manipulating breakpoints.
-break-after Command-break-after number count
The breakpoint number number is not in effect until it has been
hit count times. To see how this is reflected in the output of
the -break-list command, see the description of the
-break-list command below.
The corresponding GDB command is ignore.
(gdb)
-break-insert main
^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x000100d0",file="hello.c",line="5"}
(gdb)
-break-after 1 3
~
^done
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0",
ignore="3"}}
(gdb)
-break-condition number expr
Breakpoint number will stop the program only if the condition in
expr is true. The condition becomes part of the
-break-list output (see the description of the -break-list
command below).
The corresponding GDB command is condition.
(gdb)
-break-condition 1 1
^done
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",cond="1",
times="0",ignore="3"}}
(gdb)
-break-delete Command-break-delete ( breakpoint )+
Delete the breakpoint(s) whose number(s) are specified in the argument list. This is obviously reflected in the breakpoint list.
The corresponding GDB command is delete.
(gdb)
-break-delete 1
^done
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={}
(gdb)
-break-disable Command-break-disable ( breakpoint )+
Disable the named breakpoint(s). The field enabled in the
break list is now set to n for the named breakpoint(s).
The corresponding GDB command is disable.
(gdb)
-break-disable 2
^done
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="n",
addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"}}
(gdb)
-break-enable Command-break-enable ( breakpoint )+
Enable (previously disabled) breakpoint(s).
The corresponding GDB command is enable.
(gdb)
-break-enable 2
^done
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"}}
(gdb)
-break-info Command-break-info breakpoint
Get information about a single breakpoint.
The corresponding GDB command is info break breakpoint.
N.A.
-break-insert Command -break-insert [ -t ] [ -h ] [ -r ]
[ -c condition ] [ -i ignore-count ]
[ -p thread ] [ line | addr ]
If specified, line, can be one of:
The possible optional parameters of this command are:
-t
-h
-c condition
-i ignore-count
-r
The result is in the form:
^done,bkptno="number",func="funcname", file="filename",line="lineno"
where number is the GDB number for this breakpoint, funcname is the name of the function where the breakpoint was inserted, filename is the name of the source file which contains this function, and lineno is the source line number within that file.
Note: this format is open to change.
The corresponding GDB commands are break, tbreak,
hbreak, thbreak, and rbreak.
(gdb)
-break-insert main
^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",line="4"}
(gdb)
-break-insert -t foo
^done,bkpt={number="2",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c",line="11"}
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x0001072c", func="main",file="recursive2.c",line="4",times="0"},
bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="del",enabled="y",
addr="0x00010774",func="foo",file="recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"}}
(gdb)
-break-insert -r foo.*
~int foo(int, int);
^done,bkpt={number="3",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c",line="11"}
(gdb)
-break-list Command-break-list
Displays the list of inserted breakpoints, showing the following fields:
Number
Type
breakpoint or watchpoint
Disposition
keep
or nokeep
Enabled
y or n
Address
What
times
If there are no breakpoints or watchpoints, the BreakpointTable field is an empty list.
The corresponding GDB command is info break.
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"},
bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x00010114",func="foo",file="hello.c",line="13",times="0"}}
(gdb)
Here's an example of the result when there are no breakpoints:
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={}
(gdb)
-break-watch Command-break-watch [ -a | -r ]
Create a watchpoint. With the -a option it will create an
access watchpoint, i.e. a watchpoint that triggers either on a
read from or on a write to the memory location. With the -r
option, the watchpoint created is a read watchpoint, i.e. it will
trigger only when the memory location is accessed for reading. Without
either of the options, the watchpoint created is a regular watchpoint,
i.e. it will trigger when the memory location is accessed for writing.
See Setting watchpoints.
Note that -break-list will report a single list of watchpoints and
breakpoints inserted.
The corresponding GDB commands are watch, awatch, and
rwatch.
Setting a watchpoint on a variable in the main function:
(gdb)
-break-watch x
^done,wpt={number="2",exp="x"}
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
^done,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt={number="2",exp="x"},
value={old="-268439212",new="55"},
frame={func="main",args={},file="recursive2.c",line="5"}
(gdb)
Setting a watchpoint on a variable local to a function. GDB will stop the program execution twice: first for the variable changing value, then for the watchpoint going out of scope.
(gdb)
-break-watch C
^done,wpt={number="5",exp="C"}
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
^done,reason="watchpoint-trigger",
wpt={number="5",exp="C"},value={old="-276895068",new="3"},
frame={func="callee4",args={},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"}
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
^done,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="5",
frame={func="callee3",args={{name="strarg",
value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"}
(gdb)
Listing breakpoints and watchpoints, at different points in the program execution. Note that once the watchpoint goes out of scope, it is deleted.
(gdb)
-break-watch C
^done,wpt={number="2",exp="C"}
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"},
bkpt={number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep",
enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="0"}}
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
^done,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt={number="2",exp="C"},
value={old="-276895068",new="3"},
frame={func="callee4",args={},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"}
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"},
bkpt={number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep",
enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="-5"}}
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
^done,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="2",
frame={func="callee3",args={{name="strarg",
value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"}
(gdb)
-break-list
^done,BreakpointTable={hdr={"Num","Type","Disp","Enb","Address","What"},
bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"}}
(gdb)
This section describes the GDB/MI commands that manipulate data: examine memory and registers, evaluate expressions, etc.
-data-disassemble Command -data-disassemble
[ -s start-addr -e end-addr ]
| [ -f filename -l linenum [ -n lines ] ]
-- mode
Where:
start-addr
$pc)
end-addr
filename
linenum
lines
mode
The output for each instruction is composed of two fields:
Note that whatever included in the instruction field, is not manipulated directely by flathead, i.e. it is not possible to adjust its format.
There's no direct mapping from this command to the CLI.
Disassemble from the current value of $pc to $pc + 20:
(gdb)
-data-disassemble -s $pc -e "$pc + 20" -- 0
^done,
asm_insns={
{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
inst="mov 2, %o0"},
{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"},
{address="0x000107c8",func-name="main",offset="12",
inst="or %o2, 0x140, %o1\t! 0x11940 <_lib_version+8>"},
{address="0x000107cc",func-name="main",offset="16",
inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"},
{address="0x000107d0",func-name="main",offset="20",
inst="or %o2, 0x168, %o4\t! 0x11968 <_lib_version+48>"}}
(gdb)
Disassemble the whole main function. Line 32 is part of
main.
-data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -- 0
^done,asm_insns={
{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"},
{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
inst="mov 2, %o0"},
{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"},
[...]
{address="0x0001081c",func-name="main",offset="96",inst="ret "},
{address="0x00010820",func-name="main",offset="100",inst="restore "}}
(gdb)
Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of main:
(gdb)
-data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 0
^done,asm_insns={
{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"},
{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
inst="mov 2, %o0"},
{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}}
(gdb)
Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of main in mixed mode:
(gdb)
-data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 1
^done,asm_insns={
src_and_asm_line={line="31",
file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \
testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn={
{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"}}},
src_and_asm_line={line="32",
file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \
testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn={
{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
inst="mov 2, %o0"},
{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}}}}
(gdb)
-data-evaluate-expression Command-data-evaluate-expression expr
Evaluate expr as an expression. The expression could contain an inferior function call. The function call will execute synchronously. If the expression contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double quotes.
The corresponding GDB commands are print, output, and
call. In gdbtk only, there's a corresponding
gdb_eval command.
In the following example, the numbers that precede the commands are the tokens described in GDB/MI Command Syntax. Notice how GDB/MI returns the same tokens in its output.
211-data-evaluate-expression A 211^done,value="1" (gdb) 311-data-evaluate-expression &A 311^done,value="0xefffeb7c" (gdb) 411-data-evaluate-expression A+3 411^done,value="4" (gdb) 511-data-evaluate-expression "A + 3" 511^done,value="4" (gdb)
-data-list-changed-registers Command-data-list-changed-registers
Display a list of the registers that have changed.
GDB doesn't have a direct analog for this command; gdbtk has the
corresponding command gdb_changed_register_list.
On a PPC MBX board:
(gdb)
-exec-continue
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",frame={func="main",
args={},file="try.c",line="5"}
(gdb)
-data-list-changed-registers
^done,changed-registers={"0","1","2","4","5","6","7","8","9",
"10","11","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23",
"24","25","26","27","28","30","31","64","65","66","67","69"}
(gdb)
-data-list-register-names Command-data-list-register-names [ ( regno )+ ]
Show a list of register names for the current target. If no arguments are given, it shows a list of the names of all the registers. If integer numbers are given as arguments, it will print a list of the names of the registers corresponding to the arguments.
GDB does not have a command which corresponds to
-data-list-register-names. In gdbtk there is a
corresponding command gdb_regnames.
For the PPC MBX board:
(gdb)
-data-list-register-names
^done,register-names={"r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7",
"r8","r9","r10","r11","r12","r13","r14","r15","r16","r17","r18",
"r19","r20","r21","r22","r23","r24","r25","r26","r27","r28","r29",
"r30","r31","f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9",
"f10","f11","f12","f13","f14","f15","f16","f17","f18","f19","f20",
"f21","f22","f23","f24","f25","f26","f27","f28","f29","f30","f31",
"pc","ps","cr","lr","ctr","xer"}
(gdb)
-data-list-register-names 1 2 3
^done,register-names={"r1","r2","r3"}
(gdb)
-data-list-register-values Command-data-list-register-values fmt [ ( regno )*]
Display the registers' contents. fmt is the format according to which the registers' contents are to be returned, followed by an optional list of numbers specifying the registers to display. A missing list of numbers indicates that the contents of all the registers must be returned.
Allowed formats for fmt are:
x
o
t
d
r
N
The corresponding GDB commands are info reg, info all-reg,
and (in gdbtk) gdb_fetch_registers.
For a PPC MBX board (note: line breaks are for readability only, they don't appear in the actual output):
(gdb)
-data-list-register-values r 64 65
^done,register-values={{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"},
{number="65",value="0x00029002"}}
(gdb)
-data-list-register-values x
^done,register-values={{number="0",value="0xfe0043c8"},
{number="1",value="0x3fff88"},{number="2",value="0xfffffffe"},
{number="3",value="0x0"},{number="4",value="0xa"},
{number="5",value="0x3fff68"},{number="6",value="0x3fff58"},
{number="7",value="0xfe011e98"},{number="8",value="0x2"},
{number="9",value="0xfa202820"},{number="10",value="0xfa202808"},
{number="11",value="0x1"},{number="12",value="0x0"},
{number="13",value="0x4544"},{number="14",value="0xffdfffff"},
{number="15",value="0xffffffff"},{number="16",value="0xfffffeff"},
{number="17",value="0xefffffed"},{number="18",value="0xfffffffe"},
{number="19",value="0xffffffff"},{number="20",value="0xffffffff"},
{number="21",value="0xffffffff"},{number="22",value="0xfffffff7"},
{number="23",value="0xffffffff"},{number="24",value="0xffffffff"},
{number="25",value="0xffffffff"},{number="26",value="0xfffffffb"},
{number="27",value="0xffffffff"},{number="28",value="0xf7bfffff"},
{number="29",value="0x0"},{number="30",value="0xfe010000"},
{number="31",value="0x0"},{number="32",value="0x0"},
{number="33",value="0x0"},{number="34",value="0x0"},
{number="35",value="0x0"},{number="36",value="0x0"},
{number="37",value="0x0"},{number="38",value="0x0"},
{number="39",value="0x0"},{number="40",value="0x0"},
{number="41",value="0x0"},{number="42",value="0x0"},
{number="43",value="0x0"},{number="44",value="0x0"},
{number="45",value="0x0"},{number="46",value="0x0"},
{number="47",value="0x0"},{number="48",value="0x0"},
{number="49",value="0x0"},{number="50",value="0x0"},
{number="51",value="0x0"},{number="52",value="0x0"},
{number="53",value="0x0"},{number="54",value="0x0"},
{number="55",value="0x0"},{number="56",value="0x0"},
{number="57",value="0x0"},{number="58",value="0x0"},
{number="59",value="0x0"},{number="60",value="0x0"},
{number="61",value="0x0"},{number="62",value="0x0"},
{number="63",value="0x0"},{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"},
{number="65",value="0x29002"},{number="66",value="0x202f04b5"},
{number="67",value="0xfe0043b0"},{number="68",value="0xfe00b3e4"},
{number="69",value="0x20002b03"}}
(gdb)
-data-read-memory Command-data-read-memory [ -o byte-offset ] address word-format word-size nr-rows nr-cols [ aschar ]
where:
address
word-format
print command (see Output formats).
word-size
nr-rows
nr-cols
aschar
byte-offset
This command displays memory contents as a table of nr-rows by
nr-cols words, each word being word-size bytes. In total,
nr-rows * nr-cols * word-size bytes are read
(returned as total-bytes). Should less then the requested number
of bytes be returned by the target, the missing words are identified
using N/A. The number of bytes read from the target is returned
in nr-bytes and the starting address used to read memory in
addr.
The address of the next/previous page or row is available in
next-row and prev-row, next-page and
prev-page.
The corresponding GDB command is x. gdbtk has
gdb_get_mem memory read.
Read six bytes of memory starting at bytes+6 but then offset by
-6 bytes. Format as three rows of two columns. One byte per
word. Display each word in hex.
(gdb)
9-data-read-memory -o -6 -- bytes+6 x 1 3 2
9^done,addr="0x00001390",nr-bytes="6",total-bytes="6",
next-row="0x00001396",prev-row="0x0000138e",next-page="0x00001396",
prev-page="0x0000138a",memory={
{addr="0x00001390",data={"0x00","0x01"}},
{addr="0x00001392",data={"0x02","0x03"}},
{addr="0x00001394",data={"0x04","0x05"}}}
(gdb)
Read two bytes of memory starting at address shorts + 64 and
display as a single word formatted in decimal.
(gdb)
5-data-read-memory shorts+64 d 2 1 1
5^done,addr="0x00001510",nr-bytes="2",total-bytes="2",
next-row="0x00001512",prev-row="0x0000150e",
next-page="0x00001512",prev-page="0x0000150e",memory={
{addr="0x00001510",data={"128"}}}
(gdb)
Read thirty two bytes of memory starting at bytes+16 and format
as eight rows of four columns. Include a string encoding with x
used as the non-printable character.
(gdb)
4-data-read-memory bytes+16 x 1 8 4 x
4^done,addr="0x000013a0",nr-bytes="32",total-bytes="32",
next-row="0x000013c0",prev-row="0x0000139c",
next-page="0x000013c0",prev-page="0x00001380",memory={
{addr="0x000013a0",data={"0x10","0x11","0x12","0x13"},ascii="xxxx"},
{addr="0x000013a4",data={"0x14","0x15","0x16","0x17"},ascii="xxxx"},
{addr="0x000013a8",data={"0x18","0x19","0x1a","0x1b"},ascii="xxxx"},
{addr="0x000013ac",data={"0x1c","0x1d","0x1e","0x1f"},ascii="xxxx"},
{addr="0x000013b0",data={"0x20","0x21","0x22","0x23"},ascii=" !\"#"},
{addr="0x000013b4",data={"0x24","0x25","0x26","0x27"},ascii="$%&'"},
{addr="0x000013b8",data={"0x28","0x29","0x2a","0x2b"},ascii="()*+"},
{addr="0x000013bc",data={"0x2c","0x2d","0x2e","0x2f"},ascii=",-./"}}
(gdb)
-display-delete Command-display-delete number
Delete the display number.
The corresponding GDB command is delete display.
N.A.
-display-disable Command-display-disable number
Disable display number.
The corresponding GDB command is disable display.
N.A.
-display-enable Command-display-enable number
Enable display number.
The corresponding GDB command is enable display.
N.A.
-display-insert Command-display-insert expression
Display expression every time the program stops.
The corresponding GDB command is display.
N.A.
-display-list Command-display-list
List the displays. Do not show the current values.
The corresponding GDB command is info display.
N.A.
-environment-cd Command-environment-cd pathdir
Set GDB's working directory.
The corresponding GDB command is cd.
(gdb) -environment-cd /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done (gdb)
-environment-directory Command-environment-directory pathdir
Add directory pathdir to beginning of search path for source files.
The corresponding GDB command is dir.
(gdb) -environment-directory /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done (gdb)
-environment-path Command-environment-path ( pathdir )+
Add directories to beginning of search path for object files.
The corresponding GDB command is path.
(gdb) -environment-path /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb ^done (gdb)
-environment-pwd Command-environment-pwd
Show the current working directory.
The corresponding GDB command is pwd.
(gdb) -environment-pwd ~Working directory /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb. ^done (gdb)
As a result of execution, the inferior program can run to completion, if it doesn't encouter any breakpoints. In this case the ouput will include an exit code, if the program has exited exceptionally.
Program exited normally:
(gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited-normally" (gdb)
Program exited exceptionally:
(gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited",exit-code="01" (gdb)
Another way the program can terminate is if it receives a signal such as
SIGINT. In this case, GDB/MI displays this:
(gdb) *stopped,reason="exited-signalled",signal-name="SIGINT", signal-meaning="Interrupt"
-exec-abort Command-exec-abort
Kill the inferior running program.
The corresponding GDB command is kill.
N.A.
-exec-arguments Command-exec-arguments args
Set the inferior program arguments, to be used in the next
-exec-run.
The corresponding GDB command is set args.
Don't have one around.
-exec-continue Command-exec-continue
Asynchronous command. Resumes the execution of the inferior program until a breakpoint is encountered, or until the inferior exits.
The corresponding GDB corresponding is continue.
-exec-continue
^running
(gdb)
@Hello world
*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="2",frame={func="foo",args={},
file="hello.c",line="13"}
(gdb)
-exec-finish Command-exec-finish
Asynchronous command. Resumes the execution of the inferior program until the current function is exited. Displays the results returned by the function.
The corresponding GDB command is finish.
Function returning void.
-exec-finish
^running
(gdb)
@hello from foo
*stopped,reason="function-finished",frame={func="main",args={},
file="hello.c",line="7"}
(gdb)
Function returning other than void. The name of the internal GDB
variable storing the result is printed, together with the value itself.
-exec-finish
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="function-finished",frame={addr="0x000107b0",func="foo",
args={{name="a",value="1"},{name="b",value="9"}},
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
gdb-result-var="$1",return-value="0"
(gdb)
-exec-interrupt Command-exec-interrupt
Asynchronous command. Interrupts the background execution of the target. Note how the token associated with the stop message is the one for the execution command that has been interrupted. The token for the interrupt itself only appears in the '^done' output. If the user is trying to interrupt a non-running program, an error message will be printed.
The corresponding GDB command is interrupt.
(gdb)
111-exec-continue
111^running
(gdb)
222-exec-interrupt
222^done
(gdb)
111*stopped,signal-name="SIGINT",signal-meaning="Interrupt",
frame={addr="0x00010140",func="foo",args={},file="try.c",line="13"}
(gdb)
(gdb)
-exec-interrupt
^error,msg="mi_cmd_exec_interrupt: Inferior not executing."
(gdb)
-exec-next Command-exec-next
Asynchronous command. Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached.
The corresponding GDB command is next.
-exec-next ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="8",file="hello.c" (gdb)
-exec-next-instruction Command-exec-next-instruction
Asynchronous command. Executes one machine instruction. If the instruction is a function call continues until the function returns. If the program stops at an instruction in the middle of a source line, the address will be printed as well.
The corresponding GDB command is nexti.
(gdb) -exec-next-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", addr="0x000100d4",line="5",file="hello.c" (gdb)
-exec-return Command-exec-return
Makes current function return immediately. Doesn't execute the inferior. Displays the new current frame.
The corresponding GDB command is return.
(gdb)
200-break-insert callee4
200^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x00010734",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"}
(gdb)
000-exec-run
000^running
(gdb)
000*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",
frame={func="callee4",args={},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"}
(gdb)
205-break-delete
205^done
(gdb)
111-exec-return
111^done,frame={level="0 ",func="callee3",
args={{name="strarg",
value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}},
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"}
(gdb)
-exec-run Command-exec-run
Asynchronous command. Starts execution of the inferior from the beginning. The inferior executes until either a breakpoint is encountered or the program exits.
The corresponding GDB command is run.
(gdb)
-break-insert main
^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",line="4"}
(gdb)
-exec-run
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",
frame={func="main",args={},file="recursive2.c",line="4"}
(gdb)
-exec-show-arguments Command-exec-show-arguments
Print the arguments of the program.
The corresponding GDB command is show args.
N.A.
-exec-step Command-exec-step
Asynchronous command. Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached, if the next source line is not a function call. If it is, stop at the first instruction of the called function.
The corresponding GDB command is step.
Stepping into a function:
-exec-step
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
frame={func="foo",args={{name="a",value="10"},
{name="b",value="0"}},file="recursive2.c",line="11"}
(gdb)
Regular stepping:
-exec-step ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="14",file="recursive2.c" (gdb)
-exec-step-instruction Command-exec-step-instruction
Asynchronous command. Resumes the inferior which executes one machine instruction. The output, once GDB has stopped, will vary depending on whether we have stopped in the middle of a source line or not. In the former case, the address at which the program stopped will be printed as well.
The corresponding GDB command is stepi.
(gdb)
-exec-step-instruction
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
frame={func="foo",args={},file="try.c",line="10"}
(gdb)
-exec-step-instruction
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
frame={addr="0x000100f4",func="foo",args={},file="try.c",line="10"}
(gdb)
-exec-until Command-exec-until [ location ]
Asynchronous command. Executes the inferior until the location specified in the argument is reached. If there is no argument, the inferior executes until a source line greater than the current one is reached. The reason for stopping in this case will be "location-reached".
The corresponding GDB command is until.
(gdb)
-exec-until recursive2.c:6
^running
(gdb)
x = 55
*stopped,reason="location-reached",frame={func="main",args={},
file="recursive2.c",line="6"}
(gdb)
-file-exec-and-symbols Command-file-exec-and-symbols file
Specify the executable file to be debugged. This file is the one from which the symbol table is also read. If no file is specified, the command clears the executable and symbol information. If breakpoints are set when using this command with no arguments, gdb will produce error messages. Otherwise, no output is produced, except a completion notification.
The corresponding GDB command is file.
(gdb) -file-exec-and-symbols /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb)
-file-exec-file Command-file-exec-file file
Specify the executable file to be debugged. Unlike
-file-exec-and-symbols, the symbol table is not read
from this file. If used without argument, GDB clears the information
about the executable file. No output is produced, except a completion
notification.
The corresponding GDB command is exec-file.
(gdb) -file-exec-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb)
-file-list-exec-sections Command-file-list-exec-sections
List the sections of the current executable file.
The GDB command info file shows, among the rest, the same
information as this command. gdbtk has a corresponding command
gdb_load_info.
N.A.
-file-list-exec-source-files Command-file-list-exec-source-files
List the source files for the current executable.
There's no GDB command which directly corresponds to this one.
gdbtk has an analogous command gdb_listfiles.
N.A.
-file-list-shared-libraries Command-file-list-shared-libraries
List the shared libraries in the program.
The corresponding GDB command is info shared.
N.A.
-file-list-symbol-files Command-file-list-symbol-files
List symbol files.
The corresponding GDB command is info file (part of it).
N.A.
-file-symbol-file Command-file-symbol-file file
Read symbol table info from the specified file argument. When used without arguments, clears GDB's symbol table info. No output is produced, except for a completion notification.
The corresponding GDB command is symbol-file.
(gdb) -file-symbol-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb)
-gdb-exit Command-gdb-exit
Exit GDB immediately.
Approximately corresponds to quit.
(gdb) -gdb-exit
-gdb-set Command-gdb-set
Set an internal GDB variable.
The corresponding GDB command is set.
(gdb) -gdb-set $foo=3 ^done (gdb)
-gdb-show Command-gdb-show
Show the current value of a GDB variable.
The corresponding GDB command is show.
(gdb) -gdb-show annotate ^done,value="0" (gdb)
-gdb-version Command-gdb-version
Show version information for GDB. Used mostly in testing.
There's no equivalent GDB command. GDB by default shows this information when you start an interactive session.
(gdb) -gdb-version ~GNU gdb 5.2.1 ~Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ~GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and ~you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under ~ certain conditions. ~Type "show copying" to see the conditions. ~There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for ~ details. ~This GDB was configured as "--host=sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1 --target=ppc-eabi". ^done (gdb)
-stack-info-frame Command-stack-info-frame
Get info on the current frame.
The corresponding GDB command is info frame or frame
(without arguments).
N.A.
-stack-info-depth Command-stack-info-depth [ max-depth ]
Return the depth of the stack. If the integer argument max-depth is specified, do not count beyond max-depth frames.
There's no equivalent GDB command.
For a stack with frame levels 0 through 11:
(gdb) -stack-info-depth ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 4 ^done,depth="4" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 12 ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 11 ^done,depth="11" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 13 ^done,depth="12" (gdb)
-stack-list-arguments Command -stack-list-arguments show-values
[ low-frame high-frame ]
Display a list of the arguments for the frames between low-frame and high-frame (inclusive). If low-frame and high-frame are not provided, list the arguments for the whole call stack.
The show-values argument must have a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 means that only the names of the arguments are listed, a value of 1 means that both names and values of the arguments are printed.
GDB does not have an equivalent command. gdbtk has a
gdb_get_args command which partially overlaps with the
functionality of -stack-list-arguments.
(gdb)
-stack-list-frames
^done,
stack={
frame={level="0 ",addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"},
frame={level="1 ",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"},
frame={level="2 ",addr="0x0001078c",func="callee2",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="22"},
frame={level="3 ",addr="0x000107b4",func="callee1",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="27"},
frame={level="4 ",addr="0x000107e0",func="main",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="32"}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-arguments 0
^done,
stack-args={
frame={level="0",args={}},
frame={level="1",args={name="strarg"}},
frame={level="2",args={name="intarg",name="strarg"}},
frame={level="3",args={name="intarg",name="strarg",name="fltarg"}},
frame={level="4",args={}}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-arguments 1
^done,
stack-args={
frame={level="0",args={}},
frame={level="1",
args={{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}}},
frame={level="2",args={
{name="intarg",value="2"},
{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}}},
{frame={level="3",args={
{name="intarg",value="2"},
{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""},
{name="fltarg",value="3.5"}}},
frame={level="4",args={}}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-arguments 0 2 2
^done,stack-args={frame={level="2",args={name="intarg",name="strarg"}}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-arguments 1 2 2
^done,stack-args={frame={level="2",
args={{name="intarg",value="2"},
{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}}}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-frames Command-stack-list-frames [ low-frame high-frame ]
List the frames currently on the stack. For each frame it displays the following info:
level
addr
$pc value for that frame.
func
file
line
$pc.
If invoked without arguments, this command prints a backtrace for the whole stack. If given two integer arguments, it shows the frames whose levels are between the two arguments (inclusive). If the two arguments are equal, it shows the single frame at the corresponding level.
The corresponding GDB commands are backtrace and where.
Full stack backtrace:
(gdb)
-stack-list-frames
^done,stack=
{frame={level="0 ",addr="0x0001076c",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="11"},
frame={level="1 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="2 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="3 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="4 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="5 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="6 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="7 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="8 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="9 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="10",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="11",addr="0x00010738",func="main",
file="recursive2.c",line="4"}}
(gdb)
Show frames between low_frame and high_frame:
(gdb)
-stack-list-frames 3 5
^done,stack=
{frame={level="3 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="4 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"},
frame={level="5 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"}}
(gdb)
Show a single frame:
(gdb)
-stack-list-frames 3 3
^done,stack=
{frame={level="3 ",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
file="recursive2.c",line="14"}}
(gdb)
-stack-list-locals Command-stack-list-locals print-values
Display the local variable names for the current frame. With an argument of 0 prints only the names of the variables, with argument of 1 prints also their values.
info locals in GDB, gdb_get_locals in gdbtk.
(gdb)
-stack-list-locals 0
^done,locals={name="A",name="B",name="C"}
(gdb)
-stack-list-locals 1
^done,locals={{name="A",value="1"},{name="B",value="2"},
{name="C",value="3"}}
(gdb)
-stack-select-frame Command-stack-select-frame framenum
Change the current frame. Select a different frame framenum on the stack.
The corresponding GDB commands are frame, up, down,
select-frame, up-silent, and down-silent.
(gdb) -stack-select-frame 2 ^done (gdb)
-symbol-info-address Command-symbol-info-address symbol
Describe where symbol is stored.
The corresponding GDB command is info address.
N.A.
-symbol-info-file Command-symbol-info-file
Show the file for the symbol.
There's no equivalent GDB command. gdbtk has
gdb_filnd_file.
N.A.
-symbol-info-function Command-symbol-info-function
Show which function the symbol lives in.
gdb_get_function in gdbtk.
N.A.
-symbol-info-line Command-symbol-info-line
Show the core addresses of the code for a source line.
The corresponding GDB comamnd is info line. gdbtk has the
gdb_get_line gdb_get_file commands.
N.A.
-symbol-info-symbol Command-symbol-info-symbol addr
Describe what symbol is at location addr.
The corresponding GDB command is info symbol.
N.A.
-symbol-list-functions Command-symbol-list-functions
List the functions in the executable.
info functions in GDB, gdb_listfunc gdb_search in
gdbtk.
N.A.
-symbol-list-types Command-symbol-list-types
List all the type names.
The corresponding commands are info types in GDB,
gdb_search in gdbtk.
N.A.
-symbol-list-variables Command-symbol-list-variables
List all the global and static variable names.
info variables in GDB, gdb_search in gdbtk.
N.A.
-symbol-locate Command-symbol-locate
gdb_loc in gdbtk.
N.A.
-symbol-type Command-symbol-type variable
Show type of variable.
The corresponding GDB command is ptype, gdbtk has
gdb_obj_variable.
N.A.
-target-attach Command-target-attach pid | file
Attach to a process pid or a file file outside of GDB.
The corresponding GDB command is attach.
N.A.
-target-compare-sections Command-target-compare-sections [ section ]
Compare data of section section on target to the exec file. Without the argument, all sections are compared.
The GDB equivalent is compare-sections.
N.A.
-target-detach Command-target-detach
Disconnect from the remote target. There's no output.
The corresponding GDB command is detach.
(gdb) -target-detach ^done (gdb)
-target-download Command-target-download
Loads the executable onto the remote target. It prints out an update message every half second, which includes the fields:
section
section-sent
section-size
total-sent
total-size
Each message is sent as status record (see GDB/MI Output Syntax).
In addition, it prints the name and size of the sections, as they are downloaded. These messages include the following fields:
section
section-size
total-size
At the end, a summary is printed.
The corresponding GDB command is load.
Note: each status message appears on a single line. Here the messages have been broken down so that they can fit onto a page.
(gdb)
-target-download
+download,{section=".text",section-size="6668",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="512",section-size="6668",
total-sent="512",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="1024",section-size="6668",
total-sent="1024",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="1536",section-size="6668",
total-sent="1536",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="2048",section-size="6668",
total-sent="2048",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="2560",section-size="6668",
total-sent="2560",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="3072",section-size="6668",
total-sent="3072",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="3584",section-size="6668",
total-sent="3584",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="4096",section-size="6668",
total-sent="4096",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="4608",section-size="6668",
total-sent="4608",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="5120",section-size="6668",
total-sent="5120",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="5632",section-size="6668",
total-sent="5632",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="6144",section-size="6668",
total-sent="6144",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".text",section-sent="6656",section-size="6668",
total-sent="6656",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".init",section-size="28",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".fini",section-size="28",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-size="3156",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="512",section-size="3156",
total-sent="7236",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="1024",section-size="3156",
total-sent="7748",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="1536",section-size="3156",
total-sent="8260",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="2048",section-size="3156",
total-sent="8772",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="2560",section-size="3156",
total-sent="9284",total-size="9880"}
+download,{section=".data",section-sent="3072",section-size="3156",
total-sent="9796",total-size="9880"}
^done,address="0x10004",load-size="9880",transfer-rate="6586",
write-rate="429"
(gdb)
-target-exec-status Command-target-exec-status
Provide information on the state of the target (whether it is running or not, for instance).
There's no equivalent GDB command.
N.A.
-target-list-available-targets Command-target-list-available-targets
List the possible targets to connect to.
The corresponding GDB command is help target.
N.A.
-target-list-current-targets Command-target-list-current-targets
Describe the current target.
The corresponding information is printed by info file (among
other things).
N.A.
-target-list-parameters Command-target-list-parameters
No equivalent.
N.A.
-target-select Command-target-select type parameters ...
Connect GDB to the remote target. This command takes two args:
type
async, remote, etc.
parameters
The output is a connection notification, followed by the address at which the target program is, in the following form:
^connected,addr="address",func="function name",
args={arg list}
The corresponding GDB command is target.
(gdb)
-target-select async /dev/ttya
^connected,addr="0xfe00a300",func="??",args={}
(gdb)
-thread-info Command-thread-info
No equivalent.
N.A.
-thread-list-all-threads Command-thread-list-all-threads
The equivalent GDB command is info threads.
N.A.
-thread-list-ids Command-thread-list-ids
Produces a list of the currently known gdb thread ids. At the end of the list it also prints the total number of such threads.
Part of info threads supplies the same information.
No threads present, besides the main process.
(gdb)
-thread-list-ids
^done,thread-ids={},number-of-threads="0"
(gdb)
Several threads.
(gdb)
-thread-list-ids
^done,thread-ids={thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"},
number-of-threads="3"
(gdb)
-thread-select Command-thread-select threadnum
Make threadnum the current thread. It prints the number of the new current thread, and the topmost frame for that thread.
The corresponding GDB command is thread.
(gdb)
-exec-next
^running
(gdb)
*stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",thread-id="2",line="187",
file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.threads/linux-dp.c"
(gdb)
-thread-list-ids
^done,
thread-ids={thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"},
number-of-threads="3"
(gdb)
-thread-select 3
^done,new-thread-id="3",
frame={level="0 ",func="vprintf",
args={{name="format",value="0x8048e9c \"%*s%c %d %c\\n\""},
{name="arg",value="0x2"}},file="vprintf.c",line="31"}
(gdb)
The tracepoint commands are not yet implemented.
For the implementation of a variable debugger window (locals, watched
expressions, etc.), we are proposing the adaptation of the existing code
used by Insight.
The two main reasons for that are:
The original interface was designed to be used by Tcl code, so it was slightly changed so it could be used through flathead. This document describes the flathead operations that will be available and gives some hints about their use.
Note: In addition to the set of operations described here, we expect the GUI implementation of a variable window to require, at least, the following operations:
The basic idea behind variable objects is the creation of a named object to represent a variable, an expression, a memory location or even a CPU register. For each object created, a set of operations is available for examining or changing its properties.
Furthermore, complex data types, such as C structures, are represented
in a tree format. For instance, the struct type variable is the
root and the children will represent the struct members. If a child
is itself of a complex type, it will also have children of its own.
Appropriate language differences are handled for C, C++ and Java.
When returning the actual values of the objects, this facility allows
for the individual selection of the display format used in the result
creation. It can be chosen among: binary, decimal, hexadecimal, octal
and natural. Natural refers to a default format automatically
chosen based on the variable type (like decimal for an int, hex
for pointers, etc.).
The following is the complete set of flathead operations defined to access this functionality:
| Operation | Description
|
| -var-create | create a variable object
|
| -var-delete | delete the variable object and its children
|
| -var-set-format | set the display format of this variable
|
| -var-show-format | show the display format of this variable
|
| -var-info-num-children | tells how many children this object has
|
| -var-list-children | return a list of the object's children
|
| -var-info-type | show the type of this variable object
|
| -var-info-expression | print what this variable object represents
|
| -var-show-attributes | is this variable editable? does it exist here?
|
| -var-evaluate-expression | get the value of this variable
|
| -var-assign | set the value of this variable
|
| -var-update | update the variable and its children
|
In the next subsection we describe each operation in detail and suggest how it can be used.
-var-create Command -var-create {name | "-"}
{frame-addr | "*"} expression
This operation creates a variable object, which allows the monitoring of a variable, the result of an expression, a memory cell or a CPU register.
The name parameter is the string by which the object can be
referenced. It must be unique. If - is specified, the varobj
system will generate a string "varNNNNNN" automatically. It will be
unique provided that one does not specify name on that format.
The command fails if a duplicate name is found.
The frame under which the expression should be evaluated can be
specified by frame-addr. A * indicates that the current
frame should be used.
expression is any expression valid on the current language set (must not
begin with a *), or one of the following:
*addr, where addr is the address of a memory cell
*addr-addr - a memory address range (TBD)
$regname - a CPU register name
This operation returns the name, number of children and the type of the object created. Type is returned as a string as the ones generated by the GDB CLI:
name="name",numchild="N",type="type"
-var-delete Command-var-delete name
Deletes a previously created variable object and all of its children.
Returns an error if the object name is not found.
-var-set-format Command-var-set-format name format-spec
Sets the output format for the value of the object name to be format-spec.
The syntax for the format-spec is as follows:
format-spec ==>
{binary | decimal | hexadecimal | octal | natural}
-var-show-format Command-var-show-format name
Returns the format used to display the value of the object name.
format ==> format-spec
-var-info-num-children Command-var-info-num-children name
Returns the number of children of a variable object name:
numchild=n
-var-list-children Command-var-list-children name
Returns a list of the children of the specified variable object:
numchild=n,children={{name=name,
numchild=n,type=type},(repeats N times)}
-var-info-type Command-var-info-type name
Returns the type of the specified variable name. The type is returned as a string in the same format as it is output by the GDB CLI:
type=typename
-var-info-expression Command-var-info-expression name
Returns what is represented by the variable object name:
lang=lang-spec,exp=expression
where lang-spec is {"C" | "C++" | "Java"}.
-var-show-attributes Command-var-show-attributes name
List attributes of the specified variable object name:
status=attr [ ( ,attr )* ]
where attr is { { editable | noneditable } | TBD }.
-var-evaluate-expression Command-var-evaluate-expression name
Evaluates the expression that is represented by the specified variable object and returns its value as a string in the current format specified for the object:
value=value
-var-assign Command-var-assign name expression
Assigns the value of expression to the variable object specified by name. The object must be "editable".
-var-update Command -var-update {name | "*"}
Update the value of the variable object name by evaluating its
expression after fetching all the new values from memory or registers.
A * causes all existing variable objects to be updated.
One problem identified in the existing GDB/MI output syntax was the difficulty in differentiating between a tuple such as:
{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y"}
where each value has a unique label, and a list such as:
{"1","2","4"}
{bp="1",bp="2",bp="4"}
where values are un-labeled or the label is duplicated.
What follows is a draft revision to the output specification that addresses this problem.
The output from GDB/MI consists of zero or more out-of-band records optionally followed by a single result record, the result record being for the most recent command input. The sequence is terminated by "(gdb)".
Asynchronous GDB/MI output is similar.
Each output record directly associated with an input command is prefixed
by the input commands token.
output ==>
[ result-record ] "(gdb)" nl
result-record ==>
[ token ] "^" result-class { "," result } nl
out-of-band-record ==>
| stream-record
async-record ==>
| status-async-output | notify-async-output
exec-async-output ==>
[ token ] "*" async-output
status-async-output ==>
[ token ] "+" async-output
notify-async-output ==>
[ token ] "=" async-output
async-output ==>
result-class ==>
| "running" | "connected" | "error" | "exit"
async-class ==>
| others depending on need as still in development
result ==>
value ==>
| tupple | list
tupple ==>
| "{" result { "," result } "}"
list ==>
[]" | "[" value { "," value } "]"
string ==>
c-string ==>
stream-record ==>
| target-stream-output | log-stream-output
console-stream-output ==>
target-stream-output ==>
log-stream-output ==>
nl ==>
| CR-LF
token ==>
In addition, the following are still being developed.
query
Notes:
token is from the corresponding request. If an execution
command is interrupted by the -exec-interrupt command, the token
associated with the `*stopped' message is the one of the original
execution command, not the one of the interrupt-command.
Your bug reports play an essential role in making GDB reliable.
Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help the entire community by making the next version of GDB work better. Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of GDB.
In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the information that enables us to fix the bug.
If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU products. If you obtained GDB from a support organization, we recommend you contact that organization first.
You can find contact information for many support companies and
individuals in the file etc/SERVICE in the GNU Emacs
distribution.
In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for GDB to this addresses:
bug-gdb@gnu.org
Do not send bug reports to info-gdb, or to
help-gdb, or to any newsgroups. Most users of GDB do
not want to receive bug reports. Those that do have arranged to receive
bug-gdb.
The mailing list bug-gdb has a newsgroup gnu.gdb.bug which
serves as a repeater. The mailing list and the newsgroup carry exactly
the same messages. Often people think of posting bug reports to the
newsgroup instead of mailing them. This appears to work, but it has one
problem which can be crucial: a newsgroup posting often lacks a mail
path back to the sender. Thus, if we need to ask for more information,
we may be unable to reach you. For this reason, it is better to send
bug reports to the mailing list.
As a last resort, send bug reports on paper to:
GNU Debugger Bugs Free Software Foundation Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: report all the facts. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or leave it out, state it!
Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does not matter. Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were different, the contents of that location would fool the debugger into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, and the most helpful.
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug. It may be that the bug has been reported previously, but neither you nor we can know that unless your bug report is complete and self-contained.
Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a bell?" Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to refuse to respond to them except to chide the sender to report bugs properly.
To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
show
version.
Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for the bug in the current version of GDB.
gcc --version to get this
information; for other compilers, see the documentation for those
compilers.
-O? To guarantee
you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy of the
Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong and then we might not encounter the bug.
Of course, if the bug is that GDB gets a fatal signal, then we will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us a chance to make a mistake.
Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your copy of GDB is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our observations.
The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
Here are some things that are not necessary:
Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which changes will not affect it.
This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. We recommend that you save your time for something else.
Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report instead of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less time, and so on.
However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
Sometimes with a program as complicated as GDB it is very hard to construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.
And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will help us to understand.
Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line editing interface.
The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent keystrokes.
The text <C-k> is read as `Control-K' and describes the character produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
The text <M-k> is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k> key is pressed. If you do not have a meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC> first, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as metafying the <k> key.
The text <M-C-k> is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the character produced by metafying <C-k>.
In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (see Readline Init File).
Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press <RETURN>. You do not have to be at the end of the line to press <RETURN>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
Sometimes you may miss typing a character that you wanted to type, and not notice your error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type <C-b> to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with <C-f>.
When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the basic bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to <C-b>, <C-f>, <C-d>, and <DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
Notice how <C-f> moves forward a character, while <M-f> moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) it back into the line. If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later.
When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
start of the line, you might type M-- C-k.
The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus
sign (<->), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once
you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
the <C-d> command an argument of 10, you could type M-1 0 C-d.
Readline provides commands for searching through the command history for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental.
Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and <C-J> characters will terminate an incremental search. <C-g> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the history list, type <C-s> or <C-r> as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
Although the Readline library comes with a set of emacs-like
keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
of keybindings.
Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
commands in an inputrc file in his home directory.
The name of this
file is taken from the value of the environment variable INPUTRC. If
that variable is unset, the default is ~/.inputrc.
When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
In addition, the C-x C-r command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored.
Lines beginning with a # are comments.
Lines beginning with a $ indicate conditional
constructs (see Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines
denote variable settings and key bindings.
set command within the init file. Here is how to
change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
vi line editing commands:
set editing-mode vi
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables.
bell-style
none, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
visible, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
If set to audible (the default), Readline attempts to ring
the terminal's bell.
comment-begin
insert-comment command is executed. The default value
is "#".
completion-ignore-case
on, Readline performs filename matching and completion
in a case-insensitive fashion.
The default value is off.
completion-query-items
100.
convert-meta
on, Readline will convert characters with the
eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth
bit and prepending an <ESC> character, converting them to a
meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is on.
disable-completion
On, Readline will inhibit word completion.
Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
been mapped to self-insert. The default is off.
editing-mode
editing-mode variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
set to either emacs or vi.
enable-keypad
on, Readline will try to enable the application
keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
arrow keys. The default is off.
expand-tilde
on, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
attempts word completion. The default is off.
horizontal-scroll-mode
on or off. Setting it
to on means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default,
this variable is set to off.
input-meta
on, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
default value is off. The name meta-flag is a
synonym for this variable.
isearch-terminators
keymap
keymap names are
emacs,
emacs-standard,
emacs-meta,
emacs-ctlx,
vi,
vi-command, and
vi-insert.
vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
equivalent to emacs-standard. The default value is emacs.
The value of the editing-mode variable also affects the
default keymap.
mark-directories
on, completed directory names have a slash
appended. The default is on.
mark-modified-lines
on, causes Readline to display an
asterisk (*) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
This variable is off by default.
output-meta
on, Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
sequence. The default is off.
print-completions-horizontally
on, Readline will display completions with matches
sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
The default is off.
show-all-if-ambiguous
on,
words which have more than one possible completion cause the
matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
The default value is off.
visible-stats
on, a character denoting a file's type
is appended to the filename when listing possible
completions. The default is off.
Once you know the name of the command, simply place the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command on a line in the init file. The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on which is most comfortable for you.
Control-u: universal-argument Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output"
In the above example, <C-u> is bound to the function
universal-argument, and <C-o> is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
> output into the line).
"\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
In the above example, <C-u> is bound to the function
universal-argument (just as it was in the first example),
<C-x> <C-r> is bound to the function re-read-init-file,
and <ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~> is bound to insert
the text Function Key 1.
The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when specifying key sequences:
\C-
\M-
\e
\\
\"
\'
In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available:
\a
\b
\d
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\nnn
\xnnn
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
be used to indicate a macro definition.
Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
including " and '.
For example, the following binding will make C-x \
insert a single \ into the line:
"\C-x\\": "\\"
Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used.
$if
$if construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
mode
mode= form of the $if directive is used to test
whether Readline is in emacs or vi mode.
This may be used in conjunction
with the set keymap command, for instance, to set bindings in
the emacs-standard and emacs-ctlx keymaps only if
Readline is starting out in emacs mode.
term
term= form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
= is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
the portion of the terminal name before the first -. This
allows sun to match both sun and sun-cmd,
for instance.
application
$if Bash # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif
$endif
$if command.
$else
$if directive are executed if
the test fails.
$include
$include /etc/inputrc
Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
# programs that use the Gnu Readline library. Existing programs
# include FTP, Bash, and Gdb.
#
# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
# Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
#
# First, include any systemwide bindings and variable assignments from
# /etc/Inputrc
$include /etc/Inputrc
#
# Set various bindings for emacs mode.
set editing-mode emacs
$if mode=emacs
Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored
#
# Arrow keys in keypad mode
#
#"\M-OD": backward-char
#"\M-OC": forward-char
#"\M-OA": previous-history
#"\M-OB": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
#
"\M-[D": backward-char
"\M-[C": forward-char
"\M-[A": previous-history
"\M-[B": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
#
#"\M-\C-OD": backward-char
#"\M-\C-OC": forward-char
#"\M-\C-OA": previous-history
#"\M-\C-OB": next-history
#
# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
#
#"\M-\C-[D": backward-char
#"\M-\C-[C": forward-char
#"\M-\C-[A": previous-history
#"\M-\C-[B": next-history
C-q: quoted-insert
$endif
# An old-style binding. This happens to be the default.
TAB: complete
# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
$if Bash
# edit the path
"\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
# prepare to type a quoted word -- insert open and close double quotes
# and move to just after the open quote
"\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes in sequences and macros)
"\C-x\\": "\\"
# Quote the current or previous word
"\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
"\C-xr": redraw-current-line
# Edit variable on current line.
"\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
$endif
# use a visible bell if one is available
set bell-style visible
# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
set input-meta on
# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather than converted to
# prefix-meta sequences
set convert-meta off
# display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than
# as meta-prefixed characters
set output-meta on
# if there are more than 150 possible completions for a word, ask the
# user if he wants to see all of them
set completion-query-items 150
# For FTP
$if Ftp
"\C-xg": "get \M-?"
"\C-xt": "put \M-?"
"\M-.": yank-last-arg
$endif
This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key sequences.
beginning-of-line (C-a)
end-of-line (C-e)
forward-char (C-f)
backward-char (C-b)
forward-word (M-f)
backward-word (M-b)
clear-screen (C-l)
redraw-current-line ()
accept-line (Newline, Return)
previous-history (C-p)
next-history (C-n)
beginning-of-history (M-<)
end-of-history (M->)
reverse-search-history (C-r)
forward-search-history (C-s)
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
history-search-forward ()
history-search-backward ()
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)
yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)
yank-nth-arg.
Successive calls to yank-last-arg move back through the history
list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
delete-char (C-d)
delete-char, then
return EOF.
backward-delete-char (Rubout)
forward-backward-delete-char ()
quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)
tab-insert (M-TAB)
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)
transpose-chars (C-t)
transpose-words (M-t)
upcase-word (M-u)
downcase-word (M-l)
capitalize-word (M-c)
kill-line (C-k)
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
unix-line-discard (C-u)
kill-whole-line ()
kill-word (M-d)
forward-word.
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)
backward-word.
unix-word-rubout (C-w)
delete-horizontal-space ()
kill-region ()
copy-region-as-kill ()
copy-backward-word ()
backward-word.
By default, this command is unbound.
copy-forward-word ()
forward-word.
By default, this command is unbound.
yank (C-y)
yank-pop (M-y)
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)
universal-argument ()
universal-argument
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
argument count sixteen, and so on.
By default, this is not bound to a key.
complete (TAB)
possible-completions (M-?)
insert-completions (M-*)
possible-completions.
menu-complete ()
complete, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
Repeated execution of menu-complete steps through the list
of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung and the
original text is restored.
An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list
of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
through the list.
This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound
by default.
delete-char-or-list ()
delete-char).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
possible-completions.
This command is unbound by default.
start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
abort (C-g)
bell-style).
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...)
prefix-meta (ESC)
ESC f is equivalent to typing
M-f.
undo (C-_, C-x C-u)
revert-line (M-r)
undo
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
tilde-expand (M-~)
set-mark (C-@)
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
character-search (C-])
character-search-backward (M-C-])
insert-comment (M-#)
comment-begin
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line,
and the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
dump-functions ()
dump-variables ()
dump-macros ()
While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi
editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
of the line. The Readline vi mode behaves as specified in
the POSIX 1003.2 standard.
In order to switch interactively between emacs and vi
editing modes, use the command M-C-j (toggle-editing-mode).
The Readline default is emacs mode.
When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already placed in
`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an i. Pressing <ESC>
switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the
line with the standard vi movement keys, move to previous
history lines with k and subsequent lines with j, and
so forth.
This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide.
The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by csh. This section
describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly.
History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine
which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
current one. The line selected from the history is called the
event, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
called words. Various modifiers are available to manipulate
the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
that Bash does, so that several words
surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is ! by default.
An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list.
!
= or (.
!n
!-n
!!
!-1.
!string
!?string[?]
? may be omitted if the string is followed immediately by
a newline.
^string1^string2^
!!:s/string1/string2/.
!#
Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
A : separates the event specification from the word designator. It
may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ^, $,
*, -, or %. Words are numbered from the beginning
of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are
inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
0 (zero)
0th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
n
^
$
%
?string? search.
x-y
-y abbreviates 0-y.
*
0th. This is a synonym for 1-$.
It is not an error to use * if there is just one word in the event;
the empty string is returned in that case.
x*
x-$
x-
x-$ like x*, but omits the last word.
If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
of the following modifiers, each preceded by a :.
h
t
r
.suffix, leaving
the basename.
e
p
s/old/new/
/.
The delimiter may be quoted in old and new
with a single backslash. If & appears in new,
it is replaced by old. A single backslash will quote
the &. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
character on the input line.
&
g
s, as in gs/old/new/,
or with &.
The GDB 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card, ready
for printing with PostScript or Ghostscript, in the gdb
subdirectory of the main source directory7. If you can use PostScript or Ghostscript with your printer,
you can print the reference card immediately with refcard.ps.
The release also includes the source for the reference card. You can format it, using TeX, by typing:
make refcard.dvi
The GDB reference card is designed to print in landscape mode on US "letter" size paper; that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches high. You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to your DVI output program.
All the documentation for GDB comes as part of the machine-readable
distribution. The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is
a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
on-line information and a printed manual. You can use one of the Info
formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation
and TeX (or texi2roff) to typeset the printed version.
GDB includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info
version of this manual in the gdb subdirectory. The main Info
file is gdb-5.0/gdb/gdb.info, and it refers to
subordinate files matching gdb.info* in the same directory. If
necessary, you can print out these files, or read them with any editor;
but they are easier to read using the info subsystem in GNU
Emacs or the standalone info program, available as part of the
GNU Texinfo distribution.
If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the
Info formatting programs, such as texinfo-format-buffer or
makeinfo.
If you have makeinfo installed, and are in the top level
GDB source directory (gdb-5.0, in the case of
version 5.0), you can make the Info file by typing:
cd gdb make gdb.info
If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need TeX,
a program to print its DVI output files, and texinfo.tex, the
Texinfo definitions file.
TeX is a typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but
produces output files called DVI files. To print a typeset
document, you need a program to print DVI files. If your system
has TeX installed, chances are it has such a program. The precise
command to use depends on your system; lpr -d is common; another
(for PostScript devices) is dvips. The DVI print command may
require a file name without any extension or a .dvi extension.
TeX also requires a macro definitions file called
texinfo.tex. This file tells TeX how to typeset a document
written in Texinfo format. On its own, TeX cannot either read or
typeset a Texinfo file. texinfo.tex is distributed with GDB
and is located in the gdb-version-number/texinfo
directory.
If you have TeX and a DVI printer program installed, you can
typeset and print this manual. First switch to the the gdb
subdirectory of the main source directory (for example, to
gdb-5.0/gdb) and type:
make gdb.dvi
Then give gdb.dvi to your DVI printing program.
configure script that automates the process
of preparing GDB for installation; you can then use make to
build the gdb program.
The GDB distribution includes all the source code you need for
GDB in a single directory, whose name is usually composed by
appending the version number to gdb.
For example, the GDB version 5.0 distribution is in the
gdb-5.0 directory. That directory contains:
gdb-5.0/configure (and supporting files)
gdb-5.0/gdb
gdb-5.0/bfd
gdb-5.0/include
gdb-5.0/libiberty
-liberty free software library
gdb-5.0/opcodes
gdb-5.0/readline
gdb-5.0/glob
gdb-5.0/mmalloc
The simplest way to configure and build GDB is to run configure
from the gdb-version-number source directory, which in
this example is the gdb-5.0 directory.
First switch to the gdb-version-number source directory
if you are not already in it; then run configure. Pass the
identifier for the platform on which GDB will run as an
argument.
For example:
cd gdb-5.0 ./configure host make
where host is an identifier such as sun4 or
decstation, that identifies the platform where GDB will run.
(You can often leave off host; configure tries to guess the
correct value by examining your system.)
Running configure host and then running make builds the
bfd, readline, mmalloc, and libiberty
libraries, then gdb itself. The configured source files, and the
binaries, are left in the corresponding source directories.
configure is a Bourne-shell (/bin/sh) script; if your
system does not recognize this automatically when you run a different
shell, you may need to run sh on it explicitly:
sh configure host
If you run configure from a directory that contains source
directories for multiple libraries or programs, such as the
gdb-5.0 source directory for version 5.0, configure
creates configuration files for every directory level underneath (unless
you tell it not to, with the --norecursion option).
You can run the configure script from any of the
subordinate directories in the GDB distribution if you only want to
configure that subdirectory, but be sure to specify a path to it.
For example, with version 5.0, type the following to configure only
the bfd subdirectory:
cd gdb-5.0/bfd ../configure host
You can install gdb anywhere; it has no hardwired paths.
However, you should make sure that the shell on your path (named by
the SHELL environment variable) is publicly readable. Remember
that GDB uses the shell to start your program--some systems refuse to
let GDB debug child processes whose programs are not readable.
If you want to run GDB versions for several host or target machines,
you need a different gdb compiled for each combination of
host and target. configure is designed to make this easy by
allowing you to generate each configuration in a separate subdirectory,
rather than in the source directory. If your make program
handles the VPATH feature (GNU make does), running
make in each of these directories builds the gdb
program specified there.
To build gdb in a separate directory, run configure
with the --srcdir option to specify where to find the source.
(You also need to specify a path to find configure
itself from your working directory. If the path to configure
would be the same as the argument to --srcdir, you can leave out
the --srcdir option; it is assumed.)
For example, with version 5.0, you can build GDB in a separate directory for a Sun 4 like this:
cd gdb-5.0 mkdir ../gdb-sun4 cd ../gdb-sun4 ../gdb-5.0/configure sun4 make
When configure builds a configuration using a remote source
directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure
(and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory. In
the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library libiberty.a in the
directory gdb-sun4/libiberty, and GDB itself in
gdb-sun4/gdb.
One popular reason to build several GDB configurations in separate
directories is to configure GDB for cross-compiling (where
GDB runs on one machine--the host--while debugging
programs that run on another machine--the target).
You specify a cross-debugging target by
giving the --target=target option to configure.
When you run make to build a program or library, you must run
it in a configured directory--whatever directory you were in when you
called configure (or one of its subdirectories).
The Makefile that configure generates in each source
directory also runs recursively. If you type make in a source
directory such as gdb-5.0 (or in a separate configured
directory configured with --srcdir=dirname/gdb-5.0), you
will build all the required libraries, and then build GDB.
When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate
directories, you can run make on them in parallel (for example,
if they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere
with each other.
The specifications used for hosts and targets in the configure
script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short predefined
aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes three pieces
of information in the following pattern:
architecture-vendor-os
For example, you can use the alias sun4 as a host argument,
or as the value for target in a --target=target
option. The equivalent full name is sparc-sun-sunos4.
The configure script accompanying GDB does not provide
any query facility to list all supported host and target names or
aliases. configure calls the Bourne shell script
config.sub to map abbreviations to full names; you can read the
script, if you wish, or you can use it to test your guesses on
abbreviations--for example:
% sh config.sub i386-linux i386-pc-linux-gnu % sh config.sub alpha-linux alpha-unknown-linux-gnu % sh config.sub hp9k700 hppa1.1-hp-hpux % sh config.sub sun4 sparc-sun-sunos4.1.1 % sh config.sub sun3 m68k-sun-sunos4.1.1 % sh config.sub i986v Invalid configuration `i986v': machine `i986v' not recognized
config.sub is also distributed in the GDB source
directory (gdb-5.0, for version 5.0).
configure optionsHere is a summary of the configure options and arguments that
are most often useful for building GDB. configure also has
several other options not listed here. see , for a full explanation of configure.
configure [--help]
[--prefix=dir]
[--exec-prefix=dir]
[--srcdir=dirname]
[--norecursion] [--rm]
[--target=target]
host
You may introduce options with a single - rather than
-- if you prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use
--.
--help
configure.
--prefix=dir
dir.
--exec-prefix=dir
dir.
--srcdir=dirname
make, or another
make that implements the VPATH feature.configure writes configuration specific files in
the current directory, but arranges for them to use the source in the
directory dirname. configure creates directories under
the working directory in parallel to the source directories below
dirname.
--norecursion
configure is executed; do not
propagate configuration to subdirectories.
--target=target
There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available targets.
host ...
There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available hosts.
There are many other options available as well, but they are generally needed for special purposes only.
# (a comment)# in Modula-2: GDB/M2
$: Value History
$$: Value History
$_ and info breakpoints: Set Breaks
$_ and info line: Machine Code
$_, $__, and value history: Memory
$_, convenience variable$__, convenience variable$_exitcode, convenience variable$bpnum, convenience variable$cdir, convenience variable$cwdr, convenience variable--annotate: Mode Options
--async: Mode Options
--batch: Mode Options
--baud: Mode Options
--cd: Mode Options
--command: File Options
--core: File Options
--directory: File Options
--epoch: Mode Options
--exec: File Options
--fullname: Mode Options
--interpreter: Mode Options
--mapped: File Options
--noasync: Mode Options
--nowindows: Mode Options
--nx: Mode Options
--quiet: Mode Options
--readnow: File Options
--se: File Options
--silent: Mode Options
--statistics: Mode Options
--symbols: File Options
--tty: Mode Options
--version: Mode Options
--windows: Mode Options
--write: Mode Options
-b: Mode Options
-break-after: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-condition: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-delete: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-disable: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-enable: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-info: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-insert: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-list: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-break-watch: GDB/MI Breakpoint Table Commands
-c: File Options
-d: File Options
-data-disassemble: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-data-evaluate-expression: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-data-list-changed-registers: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-data-list-register-names: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-data-list-register-values: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-data-read-memory: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-display-delete: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-display-disable: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-display-enable: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-display-insert: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-display-list: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-e: File Options
-environment-cd: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-environment-directory: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-environment-path: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-environment-pwd: GDB/MI Data Manipulation
-exec-abort: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-arguments: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-continue: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-finish: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-interrupt: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-next: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-next-instruction: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-return: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-run: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-show-arguments: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-step: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-step-instruction: GDB/MI Program Control
-exec-until: GDB/MI Program Control
-f: Mode Options
-file-exec-and-symbols: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-exec-file: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-list-exec-sections: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-list-exec-source-files: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-list-shared-libraries: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-list-symbol-files: GDB/MI Program Control
-file-symbol-file: GDB/MI Program Control
-gdb-exit: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands
-gdb-set: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands
-gdb-show: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands
-gdb-version: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands
-m: File Options
-n: Mode Options
-nw: Mode Options
-q: Mode Options
-r: File Options
-s: File Options
-stack-info-depth: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-stack-info-frame: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-stack-list-arguments: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-stack-list-frames: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-stack-list-locals: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-stack-select-frame: GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
-symbol-info-address: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-info-file: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-info-function: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-info-line: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-info-symbol: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-list-functions: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-list-types: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-list-variables: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-locate: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-symbol-type: GDB/MI Symbol Query
-t: Mode Options
-target-attach: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-compare-sections: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-detach: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-download: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-exec-status: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-list-available-targets: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-list-current-targets: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-list-parameters: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-target-select: GDB/MI Target Manipulation
-thread-info: GDB/MI Thread Commands
-thread-list-all-threads: GDB/MI Thread Commands
-thread-list-ids: GDB/MI Thread Commands
-thread-select: GDB/MI Thread Commands
-var-assign: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-create: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-delete: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-evaluate-expression: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-info-expression: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-info-num-children: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-info-type: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-list-children: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-set-format: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-show-attributes: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-show-format: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-var-update: GDB/MI Variable Objects
-w: Mode Options
-x: File Options
., Modula-2 scope operator: M2 Scope
.esgdbinit: Command Files
.gdbinit: Command Files
.os68gdbinit: Command Files
.vxgdbinit: Command Files
/proc: SVR4 Process Information
@, referencing memory as an array^done: GDB/MI Result Records
^running: GDB/MI Result Records
abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands
accept-line (Newline, Return): Commands For History
add-shared-symbol-file: Files
add-symbol-file: Files
apropos: Help
arg-begin: Value Annotations
arg-end: Value Annotations
arg-name-end: Value Annotations
arg-value: Value Annotations
array-section-end: Value Annotations
attach: Attach
awatch: Set Watchpoints
b (break)backtrace: Backtrace
backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving
backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing
backward-kill-word (M-DEL): Commands For Killing
backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving
beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History
beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving
bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax
break: Set Breaks
break ... thread threadno: Thread Stops
breakpoint: Annotations for Running
breakpoint subroutine, remote: Stub Contents
breakpoints-headers: Breakpoint Info
breakpoints-invalid: Invalidation
breakpoints-table: Breakpoint Info
breakpoints-table-end: Breakpoint Info
bt (backtrace)c (continue)call: Calling
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros
capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text
catch: Set Catchpoints
catch catch: Set Catchpoints
catch exec: Set Catchpoints
catch fork: Set Catchpoints
catch load: Set Catchpoints
catch throw: Set Catchpoints
catch unload: Set Catchpoints
catch vfork: Set Catchpoints
cd: Working Directory
cdir: Source Path
character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands
character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands
clear: Delete Breaks
clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving
commands: Break Commands, Prompting
comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax
complete: Help
complete (TAB): Commands For Completion
completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax
condition: Conditions
continue: Continuing and Stepping
convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
copy-backward-word (): Commands For Killing
copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing
copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing
core: Files
core-file: Files
cwd: Source Path
d (delete)define: Define
delete: Delete Breaks
delete display: Auto Display
delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text
delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion
delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing
detach: Attach
device: Hitachi Boards
digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments
dir: Source Path
directory: Source Path
dis (disable)disable: Disabling
disable breakpoints: Disabling
disable display: Auto Display
disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax
disassemble: Machine Code
display: Auto Display
display-begin: Displays
display-end: Displays
display-expression: Displays
display-expression-end: Displays
display-format: Displays
display-number-end: Displays
display-value: Displays
do (down)do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...): Miscellaneous Commands
document: Define
down: Selection
down-silently: Selection
downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text
dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands
dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands
dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands
eb.log, a log file for EB29K: Remote Log
EBMON: Comms (EB29K)
echo: Output
editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax
else: Define
elt: Value Annotations
elt-rep: Value Annotations
elt-rep-end: Value Annotations
enable: Disabling
enable breakpoints: Disabling
enable display: Auto Display
enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax
end: Break Commands
end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros
end-of-history (M->): Commands For History
end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving
error: Errors
error-begin: Errors
exceptionHandler: Bootstrapping
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands
exec-file: Files
exited: Annotations for Running
expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax
f (frame)fg (resume foreground execution)field: Breakpoint Info
field-begin: Value Annotations
field-end: Value Annotations
field-name-end: Value Annotations
field-value: Value Annotations
file: Files
finish: Continuing and Stepping
flush_i_cache: Bootstrapping
forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text
forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving
forward-search: Search
forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History
forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving
frame, commandframe, selectingframe-address: Frame Annotations
frame-address-end: Frame Annotations
frame-args: Frame Annotations
frame-begin: Frame Annotations
frame-end: Frame Annotations
frame-function-name: Frame Annotations
frame-source-begin: Frame Annotations
frame-source-end: Frame Annotations
frame-source-file: Frame Annotations
frame-source-file-end: Frame Annotations
frame-source-line: Frame Annotations
frame-where: Frame Annotations
frames-invalid: Invalidation
function-call: Frame Annotations
g++, GNU C++ compiler: C
gdb.ini: Command Files
GDBHISTFILE: History
gdbserve.nlm: NetWare
gdbserver: Server
getDebugChar: Bootstrapping
h (help)handle: Signals
handle_exception: Stub Contents
hbreak: Set Breaks
help: Help
help target: Target Commands
help user-defined: Define
heuristic-fence-post (Alpha, MIPS): MIPS
history-search-backward (): Commands For History
history-search-forward (): Commands For History
horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax
i (info)i386-stub.c: Remote Serial
if: Define
ignore: Conditions
INCLUDE_RDB: VxWorks
info: Help
info address: Symbols
info all-registers: Registers
info args: Frame Info
info breakpoints: Set Breaks
info catch: Frame Info
info display: Auto Display
info extensions: Show
info f (info frame)info files: Files
info float: Floating Point Hardware
info frame: Frame Info
info frame, show the source languageinfo functions: Symbols
info line: Machine Code
info locals: Frame Info
info proc: SVR4 Process Information
info proc id: SVR4 Process Information
info proc mappings: SVR4 Process Information
info proc status: SVR4 Process Information
info proc times: SVR4 Process Information
info program: Stopping
info registers: Registers
info s (info stack)info set: Help
info share: Files
info sharedlibrary: Files
info signals: Signals
info source: Symbols
info source, show the source languageinfo sources: Symbols
info stack: Backtrace
info target: Files
info terminal: Input/Output
info threads: Threads
info types: Symbols
info variables: Symbols
info watchpoints: Set Watchpoints
input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands
insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion
inspect: Data
isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax
jump: Jumping
keymap: Readline Init File Syntax
kill: Kill Process
kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing
kill-region (): Commands For Killing
kill-whole-line (): Commands For Killing
kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing
l (list)list: List
load filename: Target Commands
m68k-stub.c: Remote Serial
maint info breakpoints: Set Breaks
maint print psymbols: Symbols
maint print symbols: Symbols
make: Shell Commands
mapped: Files
mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax
memset: Bootstrapping
menu-complete (): Commands For Completion
meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax
remotedebug protocol: MIPS Embedded
n (next)New systag message: Threads
New systag message, on HP-UX: Threads
next: Continuing and Stepping
next-history (C-n): Commands For History
nexti: Continuing and Stepping
ni (nexti)non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History
output: Output
output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax
overload-choice: Prompting
path: Environment
possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion
post-commands: Prompting
post-overload-choice: Prompting
post-prompt: Prompting
post-prompt-for-continue: Prompting
post-query: Prompting
pre-commands: Prompting
pre-overload-choice: Prompting
pre-prompt: Prompting
pre-prompt-for-continue: Prompting
pre-query: Prompting
prefix-meta (ESC): Miscellaneous Commands
previous-history (C-p): Commands For History
print: Data
printf: Output
prompt: Prompting, Prompt
prompt-for-continue: Prompting
ptype: Symbols
putDebugChar: Bootstrapping
pwd: Working Directory
q (quit)query: Prompting
quit: Errors
quit [expression]quoted-insert (C-q, C-v): Commands For Text
r (run)rbreak: Set Breaks
re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands
readnow: Files
record: Breakpoint Info
redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving
remotedebug, MIPS protocol: MIPS Embedded
remotetimeout: Sparclet
reset: Nindy Reset
RET (repeat last command)retransmit-timeout, MIPS protocol: MIPS Embedded
return: Returning
reverse-search: Search
reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History
revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands
run: Starting
rwatch: Set Watchpoints
s (step)search: Search
section: Files
select-frame: Frames
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text
target remote: Debug Session
set: Help
set args: Arguments
set auto-solib-add: Files
set check range: Range Checking
set check type: Type Checking
set check, rangeset check, typeset complaints: Messages/Warnings
set confirm: Messages/Warnings
set debug arch: Debugging Output
set debug event: Debugging Output
set debug expression: Debugging Output
set debug overload: Debugging Output
set debug remote: Debugging Output
set debug serial: Debugging Output
set debug target: Debugging Output
set debug varobj: Debugging Output
set demangle-style: Print Settings
set disassembly-flavor: Machine Code
set editing: Editing
set endian auto: Byte Order
set endian big: Byte Order
set endian little: Byte Order
set environment: Environment
set extension-language: Show
set follow-fork-mode: Processes
set gnutarget: Target Commands
set height: Screen Size
set history expansion: History
set history filename: History
set history save: History
set history size: History
set input-radix: Numbers
set language: Manually
set listsize: List
set machine: Hitachi Special
set memory mod: H8/500
set mipsfpu: MIPS Embedded
set opaque-type-resolution: Symbols
set output-radix: Numbers
set overload-resolution: Debugging C plus plus
set print address: Print Settings
set print array: Print Settings
set print asm-demangle: Print Settings
set print demangle: Print Settings
set print elements: Print Settings
set print max-symbolic-offset: Print Settings
set print null-stop: Print Settings
set print object: Print Settings
set print pretty: Print Settings
set print sevenbit-strings: Print Settings
set print static-members: Print Settings
set print symbol-filename: Print Settings
set print union: Print Settings
set print vtbl: Print Settings
set processor args: MIPS Embedded
set prompt: Prompt
set remotedebug, MIPS protocolset retransmit-timeout: MIPS Embedded
set rstack_high_address: A29K
set symbol-reloading: Symbols
set timeout: MIPS Embedded
set variable: Assignment
set verbose: Messages/Warnings
set width: Screen Size
set write: Patching
set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands
set_debug_traps: Stub Contents
sh-stub.c: Remote Serial
share: Files
sharedlibrary: Files
shell: Shell Commands
show: Help
show args: Arguments
show auto-solib-add: Files
show check range: Range Checking
show check type: Type Checking
show complaints: Messages/Warnings
show confirm: Messages/Warnings
show convenience: Convenience Vars
show copying: Help
show debug arch: Debugging Output
show debug event: Debugging Output
show debug expression: Debugging Output
show debug overload: Debugging Output
show debug remote: Debugging Output
show debug serial: Debugging Output
show debug target: Debugging Output
show debug varobj: Debugging Output
show demangle-style: Print Settings
show directories: Source Path
show editing: Editing
show environment: Environment
show gnutarget: Target Commands
show height: Screen Size
show history: History
show input-radix: Numbers
show language: Show
show listsize: List
show machine: Hitachi Special
show mipsfpu: MIPS Embedded
show opaque-type-resolution: Symbols
show output-radix: Numbers
show paths: Environment
show print address: Print Settings
show print array: Print Settings
show print asm-demangle: Print Settings
show print demangle: Print Settings
show print elements: Print Settings
show print max-symbolic-offset: Print Settings
show print object: Print Settings
show print pretty: Print Settings
show print sevenbit-strings: Print Settings
show print static-members: Print Settings
show print symbol-filename: Print Settings
show print union: Print Settings
show print vtbl: Print Settings
show processor: MIPS Embedded
show prompt: Prompt
show remotedebug, MIPS protocolshow retransmit-timeout: MIPS Embedded
show rstack_high_address: A29K
show symbol-reloading: Symbols
show timeout: MIPS Embedded
show user: Define
show values: Value History
show verbose: Messages/Warnings
show version: Help
show warranty: Help
show width: Screen Size
show write: Patching
show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax
shows: History
si (stepi)signal: Annotations for Running, Signaling
signal-handler-caller: Frame Annotations
signal-name: Annotations for Running
signal-name-end: Annotations for Running
signal-string: Annotations for Running
signal-string-end: Annotations for Running
signalled: Annotations for Running
silent: Break Commands
sim: Z8000
source: Command Files, Source Annotations
sparc-stub.c: Remote Serial
sparcl-stub.c: Remote Serial
speed: Hitachi Boards
st2000 cmd: ST2000
start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros
starting: Annotations for Running, Starting
step: Continuing and Stepping
stepi: Continuing and Stepping
stop, a pseudo-commandstopping: Annotations for Running
symbol-file: Files
target: Targets
target abug: M68K
target adapt: A29K Embedded
target amd-eb: A29K Embedded
target array: MIPS Embedded
target bug: M88K
target core: Target Commands
target cpu32bug: M68K
target dbug: M68K
target ddb port: MIPS Embedded
target dink32: PowerPC
target e7000, with H8/300target e7000, with Hitachi ICEtarget e7000, with Hitachi SHtarget es1800: M68K
target est: M68K
target exec: Target Commands
target hms, and serial protocoltarget hms, with H8/300target hms, with Hitachi SHtarget lsi port: MIPS Embedded
target m32r: M32R/D
target mips port: MIPS Embedded
target mon960: i960
target nindy: i960
target nrom: Target Commands
target op50n: PA
target pmon port: MIPS Embedded
target ppcbug: PowerPC
target ppcbug1: PowerPC
target r3900: MIPS Embedded
target rdi: ARM
target rdp: ARM
target remote: Target Commands
target rom68k: M68K
target rombug: M68K
target sds: PowerPC
target sh3, with H8/300target sh3, with SHtarget sh3e, with H8/300target sh3e, with SHtarget sim: Target Commands
target sim, with Z8000target sparclite: Sparclite
target vxworks: VxWorks
target w89k: PA
tbreak: Set Breaks
target remote: Debug Session
thbreak: Set Breaks
this, inside C++ member functionsthread apply: Threads
thread threadno: Threads
timeout, MIPS protocol: MIPS Embedded
transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text
transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text
tty: Input/Output
u (until)udi: A29K UDI
undisplay: Auto Display
undo (C-_, C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands
universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments
unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing
unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing
unset environment: Environment
until: Continuing and Stepping
up: Selection
up-silently: Selection
upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text
value-begin: Value Annotations
value-end: Value Annotations
value-history-begin: Value Annotations
value-history-end: Value Annotations
value-history-value: Value Annotations
visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax
vxworks-timeout: VxWorks
watch: Set Watchpoints
watchpoint: Annotations for Running
whatis: Symbols
where: Backtrace
while: Define
x (examine memory)x(examine), and info line: Machine Code
yank (C-y): Commands For Killing
yank-last-arg (M-., M-_): Commands For History
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y): Commands For History
yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing
GDB built with DJGPP tools for MS-DOS/MS-Windows supports this mode of operation, but the event loop is suspended when the debuggee runs.
b cannot be used because these format letters are also
used with the x command, where b stands for "byte";
see Examining memory.
This is a way of removing
one word from the stack, on machines where stacks grow downward in
memory (most machines, nowadays). This assumes that the innermost
stack frame is selected; setting $sp is not allowed when other
stack frames are selected. To pop entire frames off the stack,
regardless of machine architecture, use return;
see Returning from a function.
If a procedure call is used for instance in an expression, then this procedure is called with all its side effects. This can lead to confusing results if used carelessly.
If you choose a port number that
conflicts with another service, gdbserver prints an error message
and exits.
On DOS/Windows systems, the home
directory is the one pointed to by the HOME environment
variable.
In
gdb-5.0/gdb/refcard.ps of the version 5.0
release.